How this Study Guide is organized Broken up by each chapter I would suggest reading the summaries of each after looking at the chapter individually to help you connect and relate how each stage in history led to the next CJC3010 CORRECTIONS EXAM 2 American Penology Chapter Seven 20th Cent Rehabilitative Ideal Correctional System 1900 60s Summary Continuance of the Progressive reform and scientific search for the causes of crime which expanded the penal system through program proliferation and offender classifications based on risk and need and belief that more is better This nature of society was supported by the ideals of individualized treatment and rehabilitation prisons parole probation and juvenile court each experienced through differentiation and bureaucratization Despite the growth due to the rehabilitative ideal penal practices remained the same routine and control focused Introduction o Francis Allen formed the 20th century rehabilitative ideal which was founded on the progressive agenda that scientific casework would reveal the causes of crime and tell us what the appropriate rehab strategy was o Focus on this time causes of crime o The Chicago School was a sociology department which shaped the ideology on crime in the late 1930s o Ideology of this time was that the more you know about the offender the better you can implement treatment This belief is what expanded the CJS even more because many programs were being created as more options for individual treatment Foucault argued that knowledge of the offender generates more power over the offender o Progressive era o Focused on refining current strategies vs creating new ones o Expanding penal system was reflected through rehabilitation classification professionalization and bureaucratization Rehabilitative Ideal and Crime o Causation 4 assumptions underlying the rehabilitative ideal All individuals are products of a particular past Ex Kids in poverty are more likely to drop out CJC3010 CORRECTIONS EXAM 2 Some events in a person s life are more significant than others in causation of behavior Knowing the causes of behavior can lead to treatment plans Treating criminals is in the best interest of the society and the offender Social Disorganization and the Culture Conflict Social disorganization as a means to explain crime The goal of social reorganization is assimilation Shaw study crime and delinquency are inevitable reactions to a negative environment both living and work Crime and delinquency as a function of geographic locality vs individual psychology The idea of Culture Conflict was created because of the theory that crime and delinquency evolved from social disorganization Differential Association Sutherland crime is learned Sutherland focused more on the distributions of crime within American Society Anomie and the American Dream Merton focused more on explaining the overall high occurrence of crime in American Society The idea that the American Dream causes crime because of the lack of equal opportunity to obtain the American Dream through legal means Growth and Refinement of the Correctional System o Since the main drive that criminal and delinquent behavior was only able to be treated through individualized rehabilitation the emergence of many treatment parole probation juvenile court was formed and labeled the 20th century penology that more is better o Prison Expansion Differentiation and Treatment Development of Federal Prisons via Congress without centralized administration Created because of the need for more efficient record keeping proper classification and segregation Defendants Sentenced by State and Type of Sentence o The classification of prisoners helped the separation process They were separated based on the seriousness of the crime as well as which form of work would rehabilitate them better CJC3010 CORRECTIONS EXAM 2 o Federal prison treatment programs were therapeutic academic and vocational Expansion of Parole and Probation o Parole was once used for low risk offenders and then transitioned to being a method of releasing inmates o State differences in court organization were one of the reasons why probation did not have the same speed and continuity that parole did Uneven Progress and Correctional System Failure Overall System Expansion and Control o The idea of classification systems wasn t really present o Group counsel really served as a means to maintain control over the offenders because they were more so correctional workers vs having any clinical background o Prison teachers weren t even certified teachers and textbooks were outdated o The vocational programs were really to meet maintenance need rather than provide offenders with employment skills Rehabilitative Ideal Explain Treat and Eliminate Reflection of progressive era approach to confronting social problems through the combined efforts of government and science Rehabilitative ideal gave rise to the correctional system Goal of rehabilitation search for causes of crime o Led to more complicated and individualized explanations of crime which led to more differentiation and classification of offenders and more bureaucratized penal strategies Assimilation into American society is a pattern of all rehabilitative penal strategies Again all of these programs became supplements vs replacements of incarceration Further expanding the penal system and government control Chapter Eight Prison Subcultures 1950 1960 Summary Shifts from the focus on historical eras and penal reforms to the research and theory concerning the social organization of the prison The research done on prisons during the 50s led to challenging rehabilitative ideology regarding prison competency Introduction Penal reform target groups who are they Psychological impact of confinement what is it Inmate responses to penal conditions what are they CJC3010 CORRECTIONS EXAM 2 Social organization of life behind bars what is it 20th cent rehabilitative ideal led to the beginning of understanding prison life specifically the emergence of sociology The presence of riots increasing in the 1950s casted doubt over the assumption that prisons operated under absolute power Prison Community Clemmer s The Prison Community studied how the prison community shaped the attitudes and behavior of prisoners Results concluded that prisoner s assimilate to the prisionization based on their inferior role and experiences o At the beginning inmates are thankful to work with any job receive food