Chapter 7 Drug Abuse and Addiction 79 Define the following terms addictive behavior addiction tolerance intoxication withdrawal physical dependence substance dependence dose response function time action function euphoria depressant sedation tranquilizer stimulant codependency tolerance Addictive Behavior Compulsive behavior associated with craving and pursuit of physical or psychological reward that interferes with daily life Out of control habits Addiction A chronic disease that disrupts brain systems that regulate motivation and rewards characterized by a compulsive desire and increasing need for a substance or behavior Tolerance A physical state in which the body adapts to a drug so that the initial dose no longer produces the original physical or psychological effect Thus forcing the user to increase the dosage to achieve the same high Intoxication The state of being mentally affected by a chemical literally a state of being poisoed Withdrawal Physical and psychological symptoms that follow the interrupted use of a drug or behavior on which the user has become dependent Physical dependence The result of physiological adaptation that occurs in response to the frequent presence of a drug typically associated with tolerance and withdrawal Substance dependence A cluster of cognitive behavioral and physiological symptoms that occur in someone who continues to use a substance despite suffering significant substance related problems leading to distress Dose response function The relationship between the amount of drug taken and the intensity and type of the resulting effect Time action function The relationship between the time elapsed since a drug was taken and the intensity of its effect Euphoria An exaggerated feeling of well being Depressant A drug that decreases nervous or muscular activity causes drowsiness Sedation Induced a calm relaxed sleepy state Tranquilizer CNS depressant that reduces tension and anxiety Stimulant Drug that increases nervous or muscular activity Codependency A relationship in which a non substance abusing partner or family member is controlled by the abusers behavior codependent people frequently engage in enabling behaviors 80 What is an addiction and what is an addictive behavior Addiction traditionally only when habitual use produced a chemical change Addictive behavior habits are out of control negative behaviors Pathologically pursiuing reward and or relief Characterized by inability to consistently abstain impairment in behavioral control craving diminished recognition Alt Brain pathways Dopamine pathway reward pleasure euphoria Serotonin pathway mood memory sleep Less intense signals 81 What are the 5 traits characteristics that help to distinguish between a habit and an addiction Reinforcement the activity results in reward avoiding results in stress anxiety discomfort withdrawal results in reward Compulsion or craving Must engage in behavior Environmental cues Obsessive planning Loss of control addict cannot block the impulse Escalation Escalated dosage in response to tolerance Negative consequences Behavior continues despite outcome 82 Provide example of what may be harmless behaviors but turn into or become addictive behaviors Done appropriately and moderate Problems become increasingly dependent Loss of control Escalation Negative consequences 83 Explain briefly the development of addition and how the behavior turns from bringing pleasure to avoiding withdrawal Typically begins to bring pleasure or avoid pain Likely to repeat if good Reinforcement Characteristics 84 Provide examples of common addictive behaviors Difficulty dealing with sress Painful emotions Risk takers Impulse control problems Genetic pre disposition Compulsive gambling Compulsive eating Work addiction Sex and love addiction Compulsive buying or shopping Internet addiction 86 What is the American Psychiatric Assoc APA criteria for substance dependence Abuse Authoritative reference for defying all sorts of behavioral disorders including drugs 2 sorts of substance disorders Substance abuse o Diagnostic criteria must require at least o Continued use despite social problems o Continued use resulting in failure to fulfill obligations o Repeated use resulting in danger o Legal problems Substance dependence o Diagnostic criteria must require at least 3 in a year o Tolerance o Withdrawal o Taking a substance longer than expected o Persistent desire to cut down use o Spending a lot of time getting the substance o Giving up activities o Continued use despite knowledge or damage occuring 87 What are the concerns by society with casual or recreational drug use Poisioning Chemically different from designer drugs Synthetic marijuana herbal incense Cocaine Amphetamine bath salts 88 What are risk factors for potential drug use Intoxication Unexpected side effects Unknown drug constituents no control over illegal drug market Risk associated with injected drugs Legal consequences Changes in brain chemistry effects neurotransmitters 89 What are the 6 classifications of psychoactive drugs How are they used What are their effects Opioids narcotics Any of several natural or synthetic drugs that relieve pain and cause drowsiness and or euphoria Opium morphine heroin methadone codeine hydrocodone oxycodone meperidine fentanyl Opioid receptors in dopamine pathway when signaled release dopamine Stress o Clinical truism drug abuse people are more vulnerable to stress o Physical and psychological stressors can trigger drug cravings in addicted people o Stress cortisol alters health of dopamine pathway Treatment o Methadone steady flow of dopamine o LAAM similar to methadone but with longer duration o Naltrexone blocks opioid receptors Central Nervous system depressants Any drug that decreases nervous or muscular activity causes drowsiness sedation Anti anxiety panic attack insomnia seizures muscle Inhibits brain neurotransmitter GABA Easy to overdose dangerous with alcohol Presurgical procedure Tranquilizer CNS depressant that reduces tension and relaxant anxiety Xanax valium Librium clonazepam alcohol Club drugs seem potentially less harmful than actual drugs but in reality are worse rohyphol date rape drug Central Nervous system stimulants Any drug that increases nervous or muscular activity Increase HR BP and causes vasoconstriction of vessels vasodilation of pupils Wakefulness alertness focus Cocaine o Snorted or injected o Euphoria last 5 20 minutes Amphetamines o Meth o Increased motor