Corrections Study Guide Exam 2 03 21 2015 American Penology Chapter 7 Twentieth Century Rehabilitative Ideal and Correctional System o Rehabilitative Idea The search was on for the causes of crime As search developed so did correctional system Provided justification for bureaucracy Belief was that we can really explain the causes of human behavior through science Criminology psychology and sociology Rockefeller helped fund this Began in Chicago o Donated to university of Chicago Robert Park and Ernest Bridges Founders of sociology Functional model of American society Driven by competition He was concerned with urban plight o Factories slums immigration o Effected his labor force o He gave money to clean up slums o 4 assumptions about behavior that came from rehabilitative idea 1 Human behavior is a product of previous causes All individuals are a products of a particular past 2 It is the job of scientists to describe in detail a persons particular past and explain the causes 3 Knowledge of the causes for the deviant behavior enables scientific treatment of human behavior problems 4 Each step and measure taken to treat criminals serve o 5 Theories that came out of the 20th century rehabilitative a therapeutic function idea Culture Conflict Theory Robert Park and Ernest Burgess The culture of the slums comes into direct conflict with the dominant middle class of America therefore crime is a way of acting out American society is characterized by ever present conditions of competition which generate conflict that is manifest in such social problems such as crime Social change results in social disorganization and conflict How to fix crime according to this theory Reform slums and as they became more like middle class the crime was decrease Problem with this theory crime is highly variable in slums and crime also occurs outside slums Differential Association Theory Edwin Sutherland Learned behavior Who you associate with and how frequently you associate with them matters Consists on 9 propositions 1 Criminal behavior is learned 2 Criminal behavior is learned with other persons in a process of communication 3 The principal part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups 4 When criminal behavior is learned the learning includes o Techniques of committing the crime o Specific direction of motives drives rationalizations and attitudes 5 The specific direction of motive and drives is learned from definitions of legal codes as favorable and unfavorable 6 A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law 7 Differential associations may vary in frequency duration priority and intensity 8 The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anti criminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning 9 Through criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values it is not explained by those general needs and values since non criminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and values Regardless of our social class we are brought up to believe that we can be anything we want to be When our reality doesn t coincide with our expectations we are forced to look to other means of achieving our goals some turn towards criminal activity Anomie Theory Normlessness Robert K Merton Those suffering from normlessness experience disappointment and frustration that facilitates nonconformist behaviors including crime Relative depravation can be explained as Americans not having equal means differing social classes to achieve their high aspirations therefore they experience this depravation Reaction formation Theory Cohen Merton s student Studied lower class boys Lower class boys are driven into delinquent behaviors because they aren t able to meet the expectations of middle class cultures and expectations React to public school failure by forming an alternative delinquent subculture Their subcultures and norms compared to middle class are malicious hedonistic and generally free of adult like strength When they aren t accepted into middle class they form sub cultures like gangs Differential Opportunity Theory Mix of anomie and differential association Cloward and Ohlin Boys turned to gangs because of opportunity Reaction to rejection They pursue opportunities that are readily available to them o Response to crime studies and theories Correctional system expands Federal system creates classification systems Violent offenders non violent offenders etc Probation parole and state prisons expand Net widening occurs with juveniles Chapter 8 Prison Subcultures 1950 s 1960 s Prizonization o Studied by Clemmer Importation model o Irwin and Cressey Studied the ways in which the prison community influences and shapers the attitutude and behavior of prisoners Employed the concept of assimilation as framework and coined the term prizonization Taking on in greater or lesser degree the folkways mores customs and general culture of the prison All prisoners undergo certain experiences that make them part of the prison community Inmates are not simply blank slates when they enter prison They have developed anti social behaviors outside of prison that they bring into it These behaviors govern group interactions within the prison o 3 subcultures within the importation model 1 Thief Criminal Subculture Prisoners who take on this subculture want minimum conflict and believe in the honor among thieves They want to be perceived as trustworthy cool headed and reliable These people do not seek status or prestige but things that make prison life more bearable 2 Convict prison Subculture Emerges in the response to the depravations of freedom wealth and goods These peoples values revolve around utilitarianism and manipulation Mainly concerned with toughness fatalism and defiance of authority Desire to be accepted only from those within the prison Want prison status 3 Legitimate Subculture Reject both thief and convict subculture Consists of accidental criminals Drunk driver embezzlers etc Subscribe to pro social behaviors in and outside of the prison Referred to as the good prisoners Depravation Model For more info Sykes book review at bottom of review explains complete model o The pains of imprisonment are forgotten most of the time but have strong effect on the behavior of prisoners Female Inmate Subculture o Blend of depravation and