Sociology Chapter 5 posture gestures touch and walk meanings and consider how common rules originate Social networks Exchanges between individuals small groups and large organizations Micro level family and friends casual personal Meso macro level internet local organizations civic sports religions community institutions our nation global entities formal and limits freedom Social interaction is two or more individuals purposefully relating to one another Nonverbal communication consists of facial expressions the head eye contact body Personal space is an aspect of nonverbal language higher class has more control Ethnomethodology Using empirical methods to study how people develop shared Social group Two or more individuals who regularly interact Social category Have one or more attributes in common Social aggregate Do not interact have nothing in common Primary group Family and friends that an individual related to the most Secondary group Less informal group to achieve a goal Reference group Set standards for guiding our behavior In group Members feel loyalty and pride for belonging Out group Competes with the in group for rewards Networks link us to other people and groups get advice jobs Formed by social class occupational status race ethnicity and gender Social status is a position that individuals hold in the social world Ascribed Assigned at birth and do not change Achieved Chosen or earned by decisions one makes or personal ability Master Most important and take precedence over others Roles are expected rights and obligations the come with a status Groups formed through a series of steps initial contact collective goals expand Instrumental leaders push to achieve goals Expressive leaders maintain and improve relationships Leadership styles Laissez Faire Lets group function on their own Authoritarian Achieving group goals Democratic Consultation with group on decisions Groupthink People go along with the desires and views of the group will not go against group as to not be an outcast Utilitarian Get a bene t from the organization Normative Members get not payment but contribute for moral reasons Coercive Seek to control all members lives Iron Law of Oligarchy Undemocratic rule of many by few Leaders monopolize on knowledge because they have more access Leaders believe they are better at the job than anyone else Whistleblowing Raising concern involving illegal or harmful actions goals by building membership