Exam 4 Chapter 12 Cancer 132 Define the following terms cancer benign tumor tumor metastasis carotenoid phytochemical carcinoma lymphoma polyp melanoma prostate specific antigen basal cell carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma remission carcinogen Cancer Abnormal uncontrolled multiplication of cells Benign tumor A non cancerous tumor Benign tumor can still cause non cancer morbidity and Tumor A mass of tissue that serves no physiological purpose also Metastasis The spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to mortality called a neoplasm another Do not adhere strongly to one another and move easily New tumors that have relocated are called secondary tumors Carotenoid Any group of yellow to red plant pigments that can be converted to vitamin A by the liver many act as antioxidants or have other anti cancer effects The carotenoids include beta carotene lutein lycopene and zeaxanthin Phytochemical Naturally occurring substance found in plants that may help prevent chronic disease such as cancer and heart disease Carcinoma Cancer originating in epithelial tissue skin glands lining of internal organs breast uterus prostate lungs GI tract Sarcoma Cancer arising from bone cartilage or striated muscle Lymphoma Tumor originating from lymph system Leukemia Cancer of the blood or blood forming cells Myeloma White plasma cells Polyp Small growths on the wall of the colon that may gradually Melanoma Malignant tumor of the skin that arises from pigmented develop into malignancies cells usually a mole Prostate specific antigen Screening test for prostate cancer that measures blood levels of PSA Basal cell carcinoma Cancer of the deepest layer of the skin Squamous cell carcinoma Cancer of the surface layer of the skin Remission A period during the course of cancer in which there are no symptoms or other evidence of disease No further cell division Carcinogen Having the potential to cause cancer Environmental heredity oncogenes hormones microbes 133 What is cancer A neoplasm or tumor Uncontrolled growth of aberrant cells with local tissue invasion Every case of cancer begins as a change in a cell that allows the cell to grow and divide when it should not Malignant tumor 134 Define and describe the four classifications of cancer carcinoma sarcoma lymphoma and leukemia Carcinoma Sarcoma Lymphoma Leukemia Epithelial internal external lining of body Supportive Connective tissue Glands nodes of lymphatic system White cells bone marrow 135 Identify and define the ABCDE test for melanoma A Asymmetry B Border uneven C Color multi colored D Diameter of inch E Evolving change in size shape color 136 What is the incidence and prevalence of cancer mortality and morbidity in the USA 1 8 women are likely to develop breast cancer 1 7 men are likely to develop prostate cancer Breast and prostate cancer are more treatable whereas lung and bronchus cancer are the primary death of cancer As cancer extends beyond local levels the survival rate drops The 5 year survival rate for lung cancer is 16 137 Know the pathophysiology risk factors and signs symptoms for the following cancers lung breast colon rectum prostrate skin female reproductive tract Lung cancer Risk factors Breast Cancer Risk Factors o Tobacco smoke o Smoking other carcinogens asbestos chromate or uranium particles in certain pollutants there is an increased risk o Environmental tobacco smoke o People that work in mines Detection and Tx o Symptoms are not apparent at onset o Persistent cough chest pain recurring bronchitis o CT scan chest x ray cell anaylsis in sputum o Raditaion chemo surgery o 5 yr survival rate 16 o Genetics o Early onset of menstruation late onset of menopause o Hormone replacement therapy o Obesity estrogen o Alcohol use o Exercise decreases risk of Breast cancer Especially protective in adolescences Post menopause women have lower risk than o Mammogram a low dose x ray of the breasts used to check for early signs of breast cancer Age 40 50 inactive women Early Detection o Clinical breast exams Tx o Lumpectomy o Mastectomy o SERMS selective estrogen receptor modulators o Monoclonal antibodies antibody designed to bind to specific cancer related targets Colon rectum cancer Risk factors o Age o Heredity o Polyps small growths on the wall of the colon that may gradually develop into malignancies o Excessive alcohol and smoking o Obesity o Diet rich in red and processed meat o Exercises lowers risk by 30 40 High energy intake more carcinogens Hormone loss of guanylin hormone Insulin growth factor of colon cells Inflammatory Immune system Transit time through colon i e exercise is a natural laxative Detection and Tx o Rectum bleeding o Changes in bowel habbits o Regular screening tests at age 50 Yearly blood stool test o Surgery primary treatment Localized at the base of the bladder in men surrounding the Prostate cancer urethra Risk factors o Age o Genetics o Diets high in calories dairy animal fat low plants o DM2 Detection o Changes in urinary frequency o Weak interrupted urine flow o Painful urination o Blood in urine o Digital rectum exam PSA test Tx Skin cancer o Radical prostatectomy Incontinence inability to control urine flow Melanoma malignant tumor arising from pigmented cells Risk factors o Excessive sun exposure UVA UBA o UVB sunburn UVA damage to connective tissue and premature aging Basal cell deep layer of skin Squamous cell surface layer of skin Prevention avoid over exposure to sun sunscreen Detection and Tx o Examine skin regularly o Watch for unusual growth discoloration or changes o ABCDE Female reproductive tract cancer Cervical cancer o Human papillomavirus HPV STD warts o Pap smears scraping of cells from the cervix for examination under a microscope to detect cancer Uterine or endometrial cancer o Endometrium living of uterus o Risk factors similar to breast cancer o Abnormal vaginal bleeding o Hysterectomy Ovarian cancer pelvic pain o Increased abdominal size bloating urinary urgency o Not detected by pap smears o Risk factors increased age never been pregnant family history obesity 138 What are genetic environmental and lifestyle factors linked to cancer Genetic 5 10 of all cancers are genetic Family members might have similar behavioral risk factors e g smoking diet air breath etc Large genetic role might be at play if o Rare cancer types i e kidney o Young age 21 yr o Multiple cancers in a single person o Both organs e g breast Environmental If it cannot be linked with a risk factor then there is likely