Corrections Exam 1 study guide In class lecture notes American Penology Chp 1 6 Early Responses to Crime wrong doing o Blood feud principle Between two different clans within tribes Theft was common Third Part arbitrators Courts Most common punishments were fines Many could not pay Other punishments Corporal punishment Shaming Death o War Between two different tribes Ex Member of clan A steals from member of clan B member from B kills member from A American Penology What this class book are trying to convey o Not a history class Inter related framework is necessary not just dates and names keep in mind for conceptual test questions o Chronicle or describe American history Interface between penal ideas consequences Theme of American penology throughout time Expansion of control over more of the population o Pattern disparity What influences are more prominent to penal reform in which eras Ex Religious economic etc Formal Organization bureaucracy theoretical model Survival vs goal Net widening Book definition Tendency of penal reformers to sequentially extend control over more of the base population rather than to provide alternative control as generally claimed in the promotion of penal reforms Capacity of correctional reforms that become implemented as supplements rather than as intended alternative functions thereby resulting in expanded or an increased proportion of the overall population subject to control Empirical outcome How to prepare for an exam o Not specific dates percentages people o Broad questions about main idea o Ask 3 questions Nature of the society Ex Very religious rely heavily on eachother Ideology Ex People changing was not a basis of colonial reform Methods of crime control Ex Punishments based on bible scripture o Provide critical analysis o Short answer questions answer 4 of 6 o T F multi choice o Think of patterns that emerge during time periods What connections are there What changes and why Colonial society 1600 1790 o Nature of Society Establishment of Virginia Colony in 1607 After American revolution Punishment and practices from England English patterns had to shift in response to physical social circumstances of early colonial life Starvation Indian hostility internal dissent etc Fear that man might overindulge in new world Strongly religious Guided by bible Judges would quote the scripture when justifying sentences Social order Communities o Close net easy to control watch over o Outsiders were feared o In order to survive and thrive communities needed to remain small and founded on a shared faith and cooperation Church o Settlers often came for religious freedom o Puritans from Massachusetts bay colony looked for ways to serve god Family o Stern parenting o Ideology Crime as a sin Belief that crime like any sin was a predictable consequence of a fallen world and the active forces of the devil Mundane sins were treated as crimes o Flirting gossiping swearing etc o Missing church or refusing to pray 1648 any child over 16 who swore at their natural mother or father could be executed in Massachusetts o Crime Control Self policed informal social control Members treated less harshly than outsiders Methods of punishment Fines whippings mutilation shaming banishment death o Banishment typically imposed on nonmembers of the community No rehabilitation programs Punishment of crime was necessary regardless of effectiveness because it was morally right and deserved Fines most frequently imposed o shock death going through entire execution ritual then Punishment for recidivists Death and shock death Executions sparred life Jails Drew large crowds Deeply spiritual experience Little significance Modeled a regular home No separation o Gender age crime Overcrowded disorderly unsanitary Holding places for offenders awaiting trial No rehabilitation Almshouses workhouses as alternatives Reform in the period of Transition 1790 1830 o Nature of society National government created federal laws 17 crimes Postal roadway lighthouse and navigational systems Post revolution increase in crime Public punishment abandoned incarceration adopted Cities developed No longer a rural America Population increased Beginning of urban centers Immigration Religious influence declined science became imperative Industrial revolution Demographics changes in how people were living Society was moving away from puritan views Punishment deterrence Colonial codes seemed to encourage deviant behavior Codes needed to be articulated plainly codified uniformed Proportionality in punishment Deterrence o Goal o Two simultaneous reactions to crime to alter free will o Criminals had to be apprehended for their crimes o Punishment exceed pleasure of the crime o Specific general deterrence Individual vs society Imposition of punishment public for general deterrence Public executions not seen as spiritual Major transition from farms to factories Replaced notion that God preplanned destiny for everyone science o New future for mankind Men are equal humans are naturally good and can improve themselves morally Chief concern procure the ideal relationship between man society the state o Events in Western Europe Enlightenment Ideology from European Enlightenment Bentham Beccares utilitarianism Founders of classical school of criminology Free will notion Hedonism Pain vs pleasure calculus Despite all efforts man could not free himself from need for pleasure and avoidance of pain all behavior is purposeful o Crime Control methods Fully employed police force created in 1830 Reduction in the use of the Death penalty increasing use of lengthy sentences Rather than a few minutes of stoning Creates greater deterrence Less view of predetermined living because of emergence of free will Written legal codes Standards of punishment set for each crime Point of punishment shifted from punishing people to causing deterrence Jacksonian Period 1830 1870 o Nature of Society Engaged in building a country Moved from communal to populated commercial New inventions increased jobs in factories cities Cotton gin Sewing machine Volcanized rubber for iron manufacturing Railroads Immense population increase from 1790 1860 Western expansion Major disruptions in life traditions Entrepreneurial spirits in children Lack of control Smaller households City temptations o Gambling prostitution taverns crime Crime in the 1830s o Ideology Moral disease Increase in crime Advances in medical science Crime became known as an infectious disease