1 REL2121 Study Guide Catholicism Sacramentalism The belief in or use of sacramental rites acts or objects specifically belief that the sacraments are inherently efficacious and necessary for salvation New Spain The spanish wanted to make Native Americans Spanish which resulted in Syncretism blending of religions and languages New Spain was established following the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire in 1521 At its greatest extent it included on the mainland of the Americas much of North America south of Canada that is all of present day Mexico and Central America except Panama most of the United States west of the Mississippi River plus the Floridas New France Wars of Religion which is why it took so long for settlements to develop The first permanent settlement was Quebec Fur Trade Edict of Nantes The French had economic dependency on the Natives The Spanish were not interested in working with the Natives but the French were Jesuits Order founded in 1540 in response to Luther and Calvin counter Reformation Movement for defense of Catholic tradition and education about French Catholicism French did know any of the native languages except the Jesuits knew about 5 Jesuits adopted native cultures They pushed French settlement in America 1st permanent settlement Quebec 1608 Jesuit Order Shaman Spiritual Mechanics A practice that involves a practitioner reaching altered states of consciousness in order to encounter and interact with the spirit world and channel these transcendental energies into this world A shaman is a person regarded as having access to and influence in the world of benevolent and malevolent spirits who typically enters into a trance state during a ritual and practices divination and healing meaning the requirement or demand was drafted in 1513 by Juan L pez El Requiremiento de Palacios Rubios a member of the Council of Castile which advised King Ferdinand The document was designed to be read in Spanish by Spanish explorers to American Indians introducing them to Christian doctrine Indians were not compelled to convert but if they did not they were immediately subject to Spanish invasion The Mission System Syncretism The combining of different often seemingly contradictory beliefs while melding practices of various schools of thought New Spain ALSO In the Caribbean during the slave trade this was prevalent Voodoo Codomble and Santeria all bear traces of African religion practiced by Africans in Caribbean The Reformation initiated by Martin Luther John Calvin and other early Protestants Protestant Reformation 1517 when Luther published The 95 Theses Luther started by criticising the 2 relatively recent practice of selling indulgences but the debate widened until it touched on many of the doctrines and devotional practices of the Catholic Church It led to the creation of new national Protestant churches The largest of the new churches groupings were the Lutherans and the Reformed churches Martin Luther Never wanted to leave Catholic Church German Catholic Christian 1517 95 Thesis of Reformation He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God s punishment for sin could be purchased with monetary values Luther taught that salvation and subsequently eternity in heaven is not earned by good deeds but is received only as a free gift of God s grace through faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin and subsequently eternity in Hell His theology challenged the authority of the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church by teaching that the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge from God John Calvin French dissenter more outspoken than Luther Was an influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism Predestination The doctrine that all events have been willed by God John Calvin interpreted biblical predestination to mean that God willed eternal damnation for some people and salvation for others 1 Explanations of predestination often seek to address the so called paradox of free will whereby God s omniscience seems incompatible with human free will In this usage predestination can be regarded as a form of religious determinism and usually predeterminism The Elect Saints of the 10 commandments in church Hope God will pick you How do you know whether you are going to heaven hell Wants only copy Only the scriptures The doctrine that the Bible contains all knowledge Sola Scriptura necessary for salvation and holiness Consequently it demands that only those doctrines be admitted or confessed that are found directly within Scripture or are drawn indirectly from it by valid logical deduction or valid deductive reasoning Sola Scriptura does not deny that other authorities govern Christian life and devotion but sees them all as subordinate to and corrected by the written word of God Sola Scriptura is a formal principle of Protestantism see Five solas It was a foundational doctrinal principle of the Protestant Reformation held by the Reformers who taught that authentication of Scripture is governed by the discernible excellence of the text as well as the personal witness of the Holy Spirit to the heart of each man Gutenburg Printing Press Covenant Under New England Settlment 1607 A binding agreement between two parties There are 3 types Yourself and God A group and God and between believers Providence The understanding that someone is providing for you God is actively taking care of you This term is an integral part of John Calvin s theological framework known as Calvinism which emphasizes the total depravity of man and the complete sovereignty of God God s plan 3 for the world and every soul that he has created is guided by his will or providence According to Calvin the idea that man has free will and is able to make choices independently of what God has already determined is based on our limited understanding of God s perfection and the delusion that God s purposes can be circumvented citation needed In this mode of thought providence is related to predestination This concept remains prominent among many Protestant denominations that identify with Calvinism the Reformed churches Grace God does stuff for you that you don t deserve The Calvinist doctrine known as irresistible grace states that since all persons are by nature spiritually dead no one desires to accept this grace until God spiritually enlivens them by means of regeneration God