REL2121&Midterm&Study&Guide&&8/30&What&is&Religion?&! “What’s(In(a(Name?”(by(McCutchean(o Naming(of(Mt.(Everest(story(o The(names(we(give(things(often(tell(us(more(about(the(namer(then(the(things(being(named(o Classification:(a(social(act(because(peopl e(are(doing(it((! “Religion(and(the(Religions”(by(Harrison(o The(name(religion(was(given(to(external(aspects(of(religious(life,(to(systems(of(practices(§ Impersonal(and(objective(o A(whole(set(of(rules(which(governs(the(manner(in(which(the(nascent(concept(was(to(be(developed((o The(category(of(religion(has(a(complicated(history((o During(the(enlightenment(reason(and(scientific(methods(started(being(applied(o Biblical(criticism(is(that(religious(books(were(written(by(man(§ But(what(man?(And(why?(o “Objectives(of(study(are(shaped(to(a(large(degree(by(the(techniques(which(are(used(to(study(them.”(§ What(happens(when(we(look(at(the(Bible(as(the(work(of(people?(We(classify(it(differently.((! High(and(Low(Culture((o High:(Art(show(o Low:(Monster(Jam(o Who(decided(this?(People(that(attend(those(events(which(is(determined(by(money(which(determines(power/authority((! Classifying(Religion(o Thinking(about(religion(means(thinking(about(how(things(have(been(classified(at(specific(times,(in(specific(places,(for(specific(reasons(o “While(there(is(a(staggering(amount(of(data,(of(phenomena,(of(human(experiences(and(expression(that(might(be(characterized(in(one(culture(or(another,(by(one(criterion(or(another,(as(religious!(there(is(no(data(for(religion”(!!JZ(Smith(§ Religion(is(a(word(used(to(classify(beliefs(and(acts(such(as(prayer,(belief(in(a(God,(pilgrimage,(etc.((§ Classification(of(religion(is(important(because(it(leads(to(things(like(tax(exemption,(protection(from(law(suits,(etc.(§ Because(the(constitution(said(that(now(law(shall(be(created(that(limits(the(freedom(of(religion,(the(word(religion(had(to(be(redefined(so(that(things(like(terrorism(aren’t(protected(o The(category(of(religion(is(a(tool(because(certain(protections(are(extended(to(people/places/ideas(classified(as(religions(&9/4&Early&Contact&! In(1542(Spain(had(just(finished(the(Reconquista(! Columbus(brought(the(idea(of(“join(or(die”(over(to(the(New(World(! Catholicism(in(the(New(World(o Portugal(and(Spain(o The(Pope(§ Papal(Bulls(§ Inter(Caetera(split(the(new(world(between(Spain(and(Portugal((who(got(screwed)(! New(Spain(o Church(State(Issues(§ Colonialism:(a(religious,(economic(and(political(endeavor(o Conversion(was(done(via(force(o “The(Requirement”(§ This(was(required(to(be(read(to(natives(• There(was(a(language(barrier(§ Written(to(justify(Spain(conquering(the(New(World(to(other(European(countries(§ Did(not(serve(its(purpose(§ Basically:(“Join(or(Die”(o Encomienda(System(§ Cheap,(native(labor(for(Spanish(pla ntations(o Disease(and(violence(drastically(kills(the(p op ulation(§ ~80%!90%(o “De(La(Casa”((Destruction(of(the(Indies)(§ The(response(to(this(disease(and(violence(§ Over(the(top,(exaggerated,(done(to(get(peoples(attention(§ Wanted(improved(conditions(for(the(indigenous(people(§ A(good(primary(source(§ Lots(of(bias((o “Sublimus(Deus”((1537)(written(by(the(Pope(§ The(Pope(is(saying(native(people(are(humans(and(enslaving(them(is(forbidden(§ New(Laws(of(1542(• Improved(living(conditions(of(natives(• They(are(Catholic(laws(! New(France(o Headquartered(in(Canada(o Smaller(population(then(the(Spaniards(o Less(money,(less(support,(less(organized(o Focused(more(on(trade(then(on(cities((! Religious(Conquest(o Process(of(Conversion(in(New(Spain(§ Natives(brought(to(Spanish(learning(centers(§ Natives(expected(to(adhere(to(Spanish(standards(a nd(languages(o Process(of(Conversion(in(New(France(§ Religious(teams(went(to(native(population(to(teach(and(provide(services(§ Religious(teams(learned(native(languages(! Long(Term(Effects(of(Early(Contact((o Mixed(success(for(Spain((§ Mexico(vs.(Florida(o Demographics(o Native(cultures(obliterated(o Protestants(and(Catholics(§ Tension(over(who(or(what(was(Christian(&9/6&Antinomians&!(Religion(and(Law(in(Puritan(New(England(! The(Protestant(Reformation(o Certain(Catholic’s(began(protesting(§ Hence(the(term(“protestant”(o Martin(Luther(and(the(99(Theses(o Grace(vs.(Works(§ Protestants(practiced(covenant(of(grace(§ Catholics(practiced(covenant(of(works(• Indulgences(o Calvin(and(Calvinism(§ The(Institutes(of(the(Christian(Religion((1535(§ Important(ideas:(• A(sovereign(God((God(is(all(powerful)(• Human(depravity((Humans(are(inherently(evil,(there(is(nothing(you(can(do)(• Against(emotionalism(! The(Puritans:(o (were(escaping(oppression,(not(looking(for(religious(freedom(o Emphasis(on(the(society(being(greater(then(the(individual((o The(government’s(role(was(to(enforce(a(Godly(society(o Not(a(theocracy((§ Why?(Because(they(could(never(know(what(God(wants.(He(is(separate(from(people(o Extremely(intolerant(of(everyone(§ Catholics,(Jews,(Quakers,(etc.(o “A(City(Upon(a(Hill”(§ Saw(themselves(as(the(New(Israel((• God’s(Chosen(People(o Problems:((§ “An(Errand(into(the(Wilderness”(• Covenant(of(grace(and(governing,(the(ideas(don’t(mix(§ Internal(disagreements(• Roger(Williams(introduce(the(first(idea(of(separation(of(church(and(state(§ The(role(of(ministers(• Puritan(law(was(about(enforcing(the(“right”(religion(• Ministers(made(laws(but(if(you(could(never(know(who(the(“elect”(was(then(who(decided(who(the(ministers(are((• This(idea(was(one(of(Anne(Hutchinson’s(main(points(! Anne(Hutchinson(Court(Transcript(o She(questioned(the(authority(of(the(ministers(o Argued(that(God’s(chosen((the(elect)(know(when(God(chooses(you(§ Argued(this(could(happen(outside(the(church(§ This(is(saying(the(ministers(aren’t(needed,(undermining(the(role(of(the(church,(the(male(clergy(and(the(governments(reason(for(existence(o Because(if(anyone(could(know(they(were(elect,(the(entire(authority(system(would(break(down(o Her(actual(charge(for(the(case(was(disobeying (the(5th(commandment((disobeying(parents)(pg.(38(o Her(accusation(was(that(some(ministers(were(teaching(works(rather(then(grace(§ Which(is(why(they(separated(from(the(Catholics(o Review(pg.55(§ How(does(she(argue?(•