Special populations Important things about females relative to visitation they tend to get visited much less frequently than males because there are fewer female prisons Among females one of the big issues relates to visitation The ability to have closer proximity to their femilies is problematic for females Families and friends of female inmates are located further away from female prisons than they are from male prisons Males incarcerated closer to their families Elderly inmates fast growing segment Females typically have more health problems within prisons Causes issues relative to the cost of incarcerating females Females tend to be much better behaved in prisons less of a security risk Significant issue from a health care perspective costs to provide adequate health care has become a problem due to the graying of the inmate population deinstitutionalization movement in the 1970s Closed down the mental health prisons High proportion of people in prison have mental health problems from the Various diseases prevalent in prisons HIV AIDs TB HIV used to be a much more significant problem in the 80s and much less so They used to segregate people infected with HIV full blown aids Not the case today Get tough punishment polices that emerged in 80s thru today has resulted in the increase in these kinds of populations Issues from a cost management perspective In general these populations pose significant issues in correctional systems today Contributors and concerns of FL older inmate prison population Important issue is the cost of housing older inmates Be familiar with basic objectives of this study In terms of the findings that were relevant describes what was going on historically in FL relative to the inmate population Trying to explain the tremendous increase in the inmate population in FL Found dramatic increase in the growth of elderly in FL prison In terms of the cause not because we have more older people Not because of the more residents being older Second thing when you look at the trend it seems to be related to the punishment polices particularly the 85 laws Pretty clear the 85 law has contributed significantly Future Directions Several current approaches to corrections to combat crime truth in sentencing 3 strikes laws Be familiar with this Supermax secure prisons be familiar with basis components and what the critics say about these Where we are today we have borrowed from a long history of different ways Tend to not get rid of crime methods and have accumulated a whole host of Technology is going to play a role in expanding control Embrace a lot of theoretical perspectives that segregates into a lot of approaches Some argue that we have just widened the net of social control of dealing with crime and corrections Piling on of multiple types of crime control different strategies Electronic monitoring Basically this study was important bc FL and many other states have implemented this method of serious felonies to divert them from prisons Prisons are costly keeping them in the community is cheaper Is this a good policy from a safety perspective Second thing this study included not only looking at empirical findings but also involved interviews with offenders and probation officers to try and get qualitative sense of what s going on with EM Major findings EM is a very effective strategy for a public safety perspective Those on EM were less likely to recidivate the most salient important finding Unintended consequences of EM has a negative effect on offenders ability to obtain and keep employment Is EM really a diversion Yes it clear that judges are putting people back into the community on EM instead of sending them to prison Saves money Whether or not the most appropriate offenders are being placed on EM Are judges making good decision s Not necessarily Evidence is clear that there are a lot of offenders judges put on EM that don t need to be on EM Offenders chosen not to be on EM that really need to be on it Slide to focus on the basic conclusion 5 summary conclusion Jails and local detention centers Jails were the first form of confinement in the US Jails been around a long time Jail populations not sate prisons have been growing at a fairly steady incremental pace over time Spend a lot of time and money with what goes on in prisons 95 of our efforts in terms of research and study is about prisons Almost totally neglect local jails Many more people are effected by local jails than state prisons Local jails cost us more than state prisons money Primarily just save money 3 different physical designs to jails be familiar public perception we tend to neglect it 4 different populations within jails be familiar operate much better much safer 3rd generation Seems that we are doing pretty well Local jails funded by local governments country governments Argument made in terms of developing better practices about local jails and Regional jails state or counties merge together their jail facilities to save The most important direction supervision Be familiar with the basic operational aspects of the 3rd generation Evidence suggests the current primary modality of jails at this stage tend to A lot more politics and issues from a local level in local jails Many more issues getting funding to build and operate jails This is something many local jails face on a regular basis Basic standards of operation within local jails tends to be lower than state Just know that local politics play a huge role in the process of jails at the local level Local jails tend to get sued a lot of overcrowding direct result of people flowing in and out of jails Lack of funding to build enough beds at the local level can easily result in overcrowding issues prisons State prisons have pretty good comprehensive set of standards Local jails tend not to have quite the efficiency in terms of standards and policies Less oversight of local jails relative to prisons Local jails competing with LE courts all kinds of funding needs in local communities Issue of prison visitation and recidivism The fact is visitation has been around in prisons for a long time and certainly visitation has two purposes to encourage inmates to behave in prison and it might improve the reentry process Inmates closer and better bonds with family and friends then logically they will do better when they are released Goal of this research to empirically determine does visitation effect post release outcome If correctional systems encourage