Exam 1 Study Guide Metabolism of Vitamins and Minerals 6 Classes of Nutrients Red Font No calories o Carbs o Proteins o Fats o Vitamins o Minerals o Water Vitamins essential organic compound needed in small quantities o Discovery cam from vit Deficiency scurvy o Organic contains carbon o Non energy yielding no calories o Essential Essential to eat Exceptions Niacin Vitamins K D o Vulnerable to Destruction Sunlight Cooking or processing o Can be water or fat soluble Water absorbed in portal blood and excreted in urine Members of B complex and Vit C LOOK AT FIG 9 1 IN BOOK o B1 Thiamin o B2 Riboflavin o B3 Niacin o B5 Pantothenic Acid o B6 Pyridoxine o B7 Biotin o B9 Folate o B12 Cobalamin MNEMONICS B Complex o T he o R eally o N ice o P ink o P anther o B rought o F ree o C ookies o The FAT cat is in the ADEK Fat Soluble absorption and transport closely associated with lipids Micelle Enterocytes Chylomicron Lacteals Stored in body lipids Fat Soluble o Vitamins A D E K o Terms Associated With Vitamins o Cofactor o Coenzyme activity o Minerals made by living organisms non protein component of an active enzyme a vitamin loosely attached to an enzyme and influences enzymatic o Prosthetic Group elements necessary for body functions which originates in the earth and cannot be vitamin bound tightly to an enzyme o Inorganic o Not Energy yielding o Essential o Indestructible o Obtained from plants animals soil o Content varies depending on geographical location o Can be macro or micro minerals o Macro need in larger quantities o Includes Calcium Phosphorous Potassium Magnesium Sodium Chloride o Micro need in smaller quantities Manganese Molybdenum o Ultratrace Minerals o Includes Copper Zine Iodine Fluorine Iron Selenium Chromium o Includes Arsenic Boron Nickel Silicon Vanadium Cobalt o Intake Recommendations disease o DRI Dietary Reference Intakes recommendations to prevent chronic o RDA Recommended Dietary Allowances amount of nutrient considered adequate to meet the needs of most healthy people to set an RDA o AI Adequate Intake the number set if there is insufficient evidence the average daily o Limits set for the specific age groups do not take into account each individual s o Metabolism o Activity Level o Illness o Nourishment Status o UL Upper Tolerable Intake to be safe for healthy persons to consume maximum amount of a nutrient that appears o Prevents toxicity that can lead to diarrhea and scurvy o Assessment of Intake o Dietary Assessment a Food Intake Records b Dietary Recall o Lab Tests a Blood Work b Hair Analysis o Physical Assessments a Signs Symptoms Alcohol Metabolism Commonly Associated with Vitamin Deficiency o Dietary Guidelines for Alcohol Consumption o If you drink do it moderately o Men 2 drinks day o Women 1 drink day o 1 drink is equivalent to o 12 oz beer o 10 oz wine cooler o 5 oz wine o 1 5 oz liquor 80 proof o 1 oz liquor 100 proof o oz ethanol o Alcohol Provides 7 kcal gram o Metabolically Speaking treat alcohol like fat o Example How many calories of ethanol are in a 12 oz beer that is 5 ABV o 0 8 g mL ABV Volume mL grams of alcohol o KNOW THAT THERE ARE 30 mL in 12 oz o 0 8 0 05 12 oz 30 mL 14 4 g o 14 4 g 7cal 100 8 cal o Metabolism of Alcohol 3 Systems o Alcohol Dehydrogenase ADH o Located in gastric mucosal cells o Function o Converts alcohol into aldehyde o Requires NAD o Reactions ALCOHOL NAD NADH NAD NADH Alcohol Dehydrogenase Happens in liver gut Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase Happens only in liver ACETALDEHYDE o Ethanol acetaldehyde occurs in gut and liver o Retinol retinal Vit A o The amount of enzyme produced varies o Women produce less ADH o Lower alc Tolerance as well o Ethnic groups produce less Asians and Native Americans o Good reason why alcoholic women have higher mortality rates o Acetaldehyde o Can bind to proteins to inhibit function including enzymes o Toxic o Promotes fibrosis of liver leading to cirrhosis ACETATE o Acetaldehyde acetate occurs in liver o Requires Niacin NAD o Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase o Located in liver o Function o Problems of this Pathway o Saturation of enzymes o Depletion of NAD o MEOS Microsomal Ethanol Oxidizing System o Location Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum o Works like the electron transport chain o End products include o Water NADP o Acetaldehyde o Inducible o Increases Smooth ER o Increases P450 o Metabolizes Xenobiotics o Basically when you have a build up of alcohol in your system so high that the ADH system cannot sufficiently break down all the alcohol in your system the MEOS pathway bypasses the alcohol dehydrogenase reaction and uses NADPH NADPH NADP to breakdown the excess alcohol into acetaldehyde o THIS IS HOW TOLERANCE AND TOXICITY OF DRUGS INCREASES o Catalse system much smaller portion of alcohol metabolism about 2 of EtOH oxidation o Requires iron o Uses hydrogen peroxide o THEN WHAT HAPPENS TO ACETATE o 20 30 stays in liver o Converted Acetyl CoA o Creates new fatty acids o These FA s enter blood via LDL s o 70 80 enter blood stream o Signals decrease of FA s from adipose o FA s that are released travel to liver o Enters muscle tissue o Acetate Acetyl CoA o Oxidized to energy o Other Metabolic Changes in Response to Ethanol o Body slows other metabolic processes to metabolize alcohol o Gluconeogensis declines resulting in hypoglycemia o KNOW THAT MUSCLE DELIVERS GLUCOSE TO MUSCLE AND LIVER DELIVERS GLUCOSE TO REST OF BODY o Protein synthesis declines o Kreb s cycle slows o Fatty Acid synthesis increases o Ketone formation increases o High NADH NAD ratio o Pyruvate lactate o Organ Specific Changes o GI Tract o Stomach has increased HCl secretions o Remember Acetaldehyde is toxic especially to mucosal cells o Decreases intestinal absorption of almost all vitamins especially Vit B o Increased absorption of Iron toxic o Increased risk of GI cancers o Increased secretion of Mg K Ca Zn o Decrease in antidiuretic hormone production diuresis o Kidney o Brain o Liver o Decreased oxygen o Eventual shut down o Fatty Liver o Hepatic Disease cirrhosis o Lactic Acidosis o Remember the liver is the main site for storage of vitamins and converts vitamins to their metabolically active forms coenzymes o Vitamin Mineral Changes in the presence of EtOH o Fat soluble o Vitamin E o Vitamin A function o Water soluble o B Vitamins o Antioxidant protects cell and organelle membranes o Depleted with chronic EtOH consumption o EtOH consumption lowers Vitamin A levels o Retinol retinal via retinol dehydrogenase o Inhibited
View Full Document
Unlocking...