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Diabetes HUN3224 Blood Glucose Values o Normal Fasting 60 100 mg dL o Elevated 100 125 mg dL o Hyperglycemia 126 mg dL o Hypoglycemia 50 mg dL o HbA1C 7 Types of Diabetes o Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 Causes Glycated hemoglobin Good at determining examining long term control of blood glucose levels Autoimmune or viral damage to beta cells Reduced insulin production o Glucose cannot move into cells o Glucose remains in blood Usually diagnosed in children and teens Uncontrolled diabetes o Still has better control than type 2 and there are usually fewer complications than type 2 Symptoms Weight loss cells use fat instead of glucose ketosis ketones provide less energy than CHO burn more fat Increased urination Ketosis using fat Long term complications Kidney disease blindness poor circulation CVD impaired nerve conduction Treatment Diet Insulin 2 peptides together can be synthetic o Insulin pumps o Injections medications need to be refrigerated o Carb controlled know amount of carbs o Amount of food o Time of food know how rapid the insulin is Usually the whole family is involved and educated o One reason type 1 diabetes is so well controlled more controlled than type 2 Goal stable blood glucose levels o DM Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Causes Complications o Begins as insulin resistance diabetes o Obesity diet genetics inactivity o Correlation between adipose tissue amounts and diabetes o Genetics can affect it as well nature vs nurture conversation Symptoms Long Term Complications o Similar to type 1 o Pancreatic insufficiency can stop making insulin so they need insulin and resistance medications Treatment o Weight loss o Exercise o Diet o Pharmaceuticals Metformin Glucophage prevents gluconeogenesis glycogenolysis Glipizide Glucotrol tells pancreas to make more insulin Insulin o Needs to be diet controlled while taking meds Medications only work at certain levels Not fix alls o Education Type 2 diabetes education expensive some people don t know about it Type 2 diabetics usually aren t as educated as type 1 diabetes Symptoms of Uncontrolled Diabetes o High blood glucose levels associated with dyslipidemia o Dyslipidemia microvascular diseases decreased blood flow high risk of infection longer to heal numbness o Neuropathy Decreased blood flow Decreased nerve signaling lose sensitivity Lose feeling in hands feet etc Sores bruises cuts etc Infection gangrene amputation 1 cause of non trauma amputations is type 2 diabetes 60 Risk is 10x higher in diabetics for amputations GI Tract Intermittent diarrhea constipation Thickening cracking bleeding can lead to infection Gangrene spreads through limbs can be quick days o Retinopathy New capillaries form to compensate for decreased blood flow and increased oxygen New capillaries are fragile Prone to bleeding Microaneurysms Undergo fibrosis Lesions Macular edema fluid leaks into eye Leading cause of new blindness Usually in type 2 diabetics o Nephropathy From high levels of glucose for a long time Short term blurry vision Decreased kidney functioning Can cause renal disease Uncontrolled diabetes leading cause of kidney failure Kidney failure Dialysis o When kidney function decreases to 10 15 at normal o 3 4 hours 3 4 times a week time consuming process Types of Dialysis o Hemodialysis AV fistula implanted move it over a period of time because scar tissue builds up Graft Catheter o Peritoneal Passive diffusion of toxins through peritoneum abdomen peritoneal cavity wet abdomen Diet Diabetes Dialysis o Diabetes o Dialysis Continue with carb control Fluid They may not urinate anymore Avoid foods with high water content veggies soups fruits ice cream jello drinks Potassium potatoes bananas Phosphorous take phosphorous binders patient can feel itchy Protein kidney gets rid of extra nitrogen but the kidneys are not working properly Sodium o Gestational Diabetes onset w pregnancy Abnormal glucose tolerance during pregnancy Excess weight gain during pregnancy and obese women pre pregnancy have high incidence of gestational diabetes Some women with it will develop type 2 diabetes post pregnancy especially if they re overweight Does not seem to be correlated with type 1 It increases risk of Macrosomia big babies o Extra nutrients pass from mom to baby o Baby grows as big as it wants o Problems with breathing developmental issues NICU stays prematurity Hypoglycemia after birth o Glucose can pass from the mom to baby but NOT insulin o Baby makes own insulin hyperinsulinemia o After the umbilical cord is cut the insulin is still high even though there s no more glucose only glucose supply is cut off hypoglycemia Can occur in diabetics more common and non diabetics Considered more dangerous than type 1 and 2 Symptoms irritability dizziness headache shakiness confusion seizures coma death unconsciousness sweating Prevention Treatment Match insulin and medications with meals Don t drink excessively and don t drink on an empty stomach If you re doing more activity than usual have a snack first 15 15 rule check blood glucose eat 15 g of carbs wait 15 minutes 2 3 glucose tablets cup fruit juice or soda not milk mostly fats and proteins 5 6 pieces of hard candy pure sugar e g icing o Hypoglycemia


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FSU HUN 3224 - Diabetes

Documents in this Course
Notes

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24 pages

LIPIDS

LIPIDS

30 pages

Lipids

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20 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

25 pages

PROTEINS

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Protein

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19 pages

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Exam 2

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PROTEINS

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LIPIDS

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Proteins

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Lipids

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Test 3

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10 pages

Lipids

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26 pages

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Exam I

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29 pages

Test 2

Test 2

1 pages

TCA Cycle

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Exam 2

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Test 2

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Test 2

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Exam 2

Exam 2

48 pages

Exam 2

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23 pages

EXAMS 1

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51 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

11 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

23 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

21 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

23 pages

EXAM 1

EXAM 1

17 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

40 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

14 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

18 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

17 pages

Notes

Notes

29 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

14 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

14 pages

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