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Test 1 Study GuideDigestion and Absorption 1. Briefly explain digestion.a. Hydrolysis of energy nutrient macromolecules.2. List the parts of GI tract in order.a. Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine.3. Briefly explain absorption.a. Passage of simple molecules from gut wall to blood or lymph.4. What types of foods begin digestion in mouth? (Ex. Carbs, Fats, Proteins)a. Carbohydrates and lipids.5. What is the name of the enzyme in the mouth which hydrolyzes lipids and what type of lipids are hydrolyzed here, also provide an example.a. Lingual lipaseb. Triglycerides with short and medium chainsc. Example: Milk Fat6. Amylopectin hydrolyzes into what in the mouth?a. Dextrin, Maltose, Maltotriose7. Amylose hydrolyzes into what in the mouth?a. Maltose and Maltotriose?8. Amylase acts on what part of a polysaccharide chain?a. 1,4 bond9. What are the two types of amylase?a. Salivary and pancreatic10. Describe lipid digestion in stomach,a. Limited hydrolysis via lingual/ gastric lipase11. Describe protein digestion in stomach.a. Some hydrolysis to smaller peptides via pepsin.12. Secretion of pepsinogen in the stomach occurs in which type of specialized cells?a. Chief cells13. Chief cells secretion of pepsinogen is stimulated by?a. Acetylcholine14. What is a zymogen?a. An inactive digesting enzyme15. Is pepsinogen a zymogen and if so what activates the active enzyme form?a. HCl and positive feedback of already active pepsin.16. Which type of cell secretes HCl?a. Parietal oxyntic cells17. Is HCl secreted even when stomach is empty?a. Yes18. What are the positive regulators of HCl production?a. Gastrin, Acetylcholine, and Histamine19. What is gastrin and how is it stimulated?a. A peptide hormoneb. Release stimulated by protein in stomach or gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) in response to acetylcholine.20. What is acetylcholine, where is it released from, and what is its function?a. A neurotransmitter released from vagus nerve or in response to stomach distension.b. Stimulates release of gastrin directly or by GRP, and also acts directly on parietal cells to stimulate HCl.21. What is histamine, where is it produced, and how is it stimulated.a. Vasoactive amine produced by mast cells, release stimulated by gastrin and vagus nerve.22. What is an inhibitor of HCl release by stomach?a. Somatostatin23. What is somatostatin and how is it regulated?a. A hormone inhibited by acetylcholine and stimulated by an increase in Ph H+ ions.24. What is heartburn and what is the cause?a. Reflux of digestive juices from stomach to esophagus. Gastroesophageal sphincter is weak or inappropriately relaxes.25. How is it relieved and prevented?a. Relieved by antacids and prevented by histamine-2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors.26. Where do digestive events occur in small intestine?a. Lumen, brush border, and in the intestinal cell.27. Where does hydrolysis of starch begin and into what polysaccharides is it broken down to?a. Lumen of small intestine and broken down into maltose, maltotriose, and dextrin.28. The above question occurs with the aid of what enzyme?a. Pancreatic amylase29. Describe digestion of protein in the lumen of small intestine via what enzyme.a. Hydrolysis of proteins to di-peptides, tri-peptides, and amino acids via pancreatic proteases.30. What are pancreatic proteases released as and where are they activated?a. Released as zymogens and activated in lumen of the duodenum.31. Typsinogen is converted to trypsin via what enzyme?a. Enteropeptidase32. What is enteropeptidase?a. Duodenal enzyme33. How does trypsin act on zymogens?a. Activates other zymogens.34. What is the difference of endopeptidases and exopeptidases?a. Endopeptidases cleave amino acids from inside chain which exopeptidasescleave amino acids from terminal end.35. What are the endopeptidases in the small intestine?a. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase36. What are the exopeptidases in the large intestine?a. Carboxypeptidases A and B37. Describe lipid digestion in lumen of small intestine.a. Hydrolysis of triacylglycerols (TAG) to monoacylglycerols (MAG), free fatty acids, and glycerol.38. The above question occurs with help of what enzyme?a. Pancreatic lipase39. What do bile acids in intestine do to fats?a. Emulsification of fats to increase surface area.40. What does co-lipase do?a. Provides lipase access to TAG41. What are michelles?a. Transportation units of small spherical fat globules to cells of small intestine for absorbtion.42. Describe how bile is used and created?a. Recycles between gut and the liver, known as enterohepatic circulation.43. Where does hydrolysis of oligosaccharides to monosaccharide occur?a. Microvilli on brush border of small intestine.44. What enzymes aid in this?a. Oligosaccharidases45. How is this enzyme inhibited?a. By end products of the reaction46. Lactose is composed of?a. Glucose and galactose47. Sucrose is composed of?a. Glucose and fructose48. Dextrin is composed of?a. Maltose, maltotriose and glucose49. Maltose is composed of?a. Glucose and glucose50. The enzymes that work on the molecules above are?a. Root name+ase b. An example lactase and dextrinase 51. How are glucose and galactose transported across brush border?a. Either sodium dependent (symport transport) or sodium independent (GLUT 5) transport.52. Hydrolysis of proteins at microvilli of brush border results in?a. Hydrolysis of oligopeptides to tri/di-peptides and amino acids53. This occurs via what enzyme?a. Aminopeptidases54. Describe transport of protein across brush border.a. Occurs via specific carriers and sodium required in most cases.55. Describe digestion of Tri/di peptides in intestinal cells.a. Hydrolyzed to amino acids via intracellular (cystosolic) peptidases.56. Describe lipid digestion in intestinal cell.a. Long chain fatty acids (FA) and monoacylglycerides (MAG) synthesized into triacylglycerides (TAG) b. Then TAG’s, Esterify Cholesterol (CE), free cholesterol and phospholipids packaged into chylomicrons.57. Where bile is synthesized and where is it stored?a. Synthesized in liver and stored in gallbladder.58. Which types of nutrients undergo active transport in intestinal cells?a. Glucose, galactose, and amino acids.59. Why do they undergo active transport?a. Because of pyranose ring60. Which type of nutrient undergoes facilitated diffusion?a. Fructose61. Which type of nutrient undergoes diffusion?a. Fatty acids.62. What are the nutrient types that are sent away from intestine using the


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FSU HUN 3224 - Test 1 Study Guide

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