FERMENT(produces gas) themc) Raffinose (gal-gal-fruc)d) Stachyose (gal-gal-glu-fruc)G. Polysaccharides bigger than 101. Starcha) Storage form of carbohydrates found in plantsb) There are two kinds(1) Amylose [found in this form 10-20% of the time](2) All glucose linked by alpha(1-4) bonds(3) Linear molecule(4) Amylopectin [“ “ 80-90%] (basically same as gly. But smaller)(5) Branched chain polymer(a) Alpha(1-4) long straight chains(b) Beta(1-6) branches2. Glycogena) Storage form of carbs for animals (us)(1) Liver- biggest single storage(2) Muscle-overall largest storage(3) (think the liver is the biggest single place but muscle is spread out but combined is bigger than liver)b) Highly branchedc) Energy source (think carb loading is simply inc. Energy stores)d) Glycogenolysis - think breaking off glucose molecules from a big ol glycogen molecule3. Fibera) Non-digestible(again no enzymes can do it need bacteria to FERMENT) plant polysacc.b) Beta(1-4) glycosidic linkagesc) Anticarcinogenic propertiesd) Negative correlation b/w mortality rates & heart disease meaning that the more fiber the lower the fiber rate etc.e) According to USDA(1) Dietary fiber: found “intact”- in beans, etc.(2) Functional fiber: added to founds Ex:fiber in yogurt has been added(3) “High fiber bread” has BOTH types because it has the dietary that is found in the bread naturally, and functional fiber added to make it “high fiber” bread.f) Types(1) Insoluble (DRIVE FAST)(a) Decreases transit time(b) Increases fecal bulk(c) Ex:lignans, celluloses, hemicelluloses(2) Soluble (DRIVE SLOW)(a) Increases transit time(b) Ex: pectins, gums, some hemicelluloses(c) (notice hemicelluloses can be both soluble and insoluble(d) Sometimes pectin can make fecal bulkier as well(3) Depends on where it CAN (soluble) dissolve in water or it CANNOT (insoluble), nothing to do with enzymes(4) Fermented by bacteria in the large intestine produces hydrogen, methane gas, CO2 and short chain fatty acids(5) The fiber that is no converted to short chain fatty acids are excreted(6) Soluble- carry more bile (cholesterol)g) Sources(1) Fruits, veggies, whole grainsh) Made from Short chain fatty acids= (acetic, butyric, propionic acids 3 carbon)i) Increases water reabsorption keeps you hydrated(no diarrhea)ii) Provides cells lining the colon with energyiii) Enhances immune function(stim. Immune cells; good bacteria prod.)iv) Reduces atrophy of the gut(1) Prevents cepsis which is when bacteria from the gut translocates leads to diarrhea etc.v) Decreases cholesterol levels(1) Decreases pH of gut so less bile is reabsorped and bile is made from cholesterol for the less we absorb the lower the levels(2) Inhibits cholesterol synthesis in the liver (not as significant as (1)(3)H. Digestion of Carbohydrates1. Begins in the mouth2. Salivary enzymes produce salivary amylase; incomplete because not only 1-6 not being broken, but food not held long enough in mouth to break down all the 1-4 bonds.a) Digests alpha(1-4) bonds(straight chain)b) Does not break down alpha 1-6 (branched) (these will be brkn down at the small intestine)3. Amylose digestion4. Branched starchesI. Stomach (not much with carbohydrate digestion)1. HCL inactivates salivary amylase2. (any enzymes that hit the stomach are denatured and loose function.J. Small Intestine1. Pancreatic Secretionsa) Bicarbonateb) Pancreatic amylase2. Brush Border enzymes (secreted from enterocyte &work along brush border)a) Sucrase- breaks sucrose-> glucose & fructoseb) Lactase- lactose -> glucose & galactosec) Maltase-maltose -> glucose & glucosed) **know difference between lactose intolerance and milk allergies, lactose intolerance means they don’t make enough lactase, & milk allergy is 2 proteins in the milk cause a immune response in individual know difference.e)NOW WE GOTTA GET TO THE ENTEROCYTEK. Absorption and Transport1. @ the small intestine2. Mechanisms of transporta) Passive diffusion- of solute through membrane(1) No energy required(2) Limited by concentration gradient (this means that it must go from high to low concentration, so once it is equal solute no longer diffuses so therefore the concentration gradient limits diffusion)b) Facilitated diffusion- needs a helper protein(facilitated)(1) Needs a carrier protein(a) Integral membrane proteini) Functions as a transporter(b) Limited by the i) Concentration gradientii) Amount of carrier protein available(think as doorways)iii) Rapidly of solute/carrier interaction (example door at bonefish that spins around how fast or slow you can enter the door)iv) Rapidly of confirmation of carrier protein (this is how long it takes for door to “re-open” how fast the carrier protein can be reactivated after being usedc) Active transport- paying to get in “door” think club(1) Needs a carrier protein(2) Requires energy (ATP)(because pumping against concentration gradient) (example Na/K pump)L. Glucose AbsorptionM. GLUCOSE= ACTIVE TRANSPORT1. Glucosea) Sodium dependentb) Transporter= sglt1c) To maintain concentration gradient, Na must be pumped out of celld) Glucose enters hepatic portal systeme) Enterocyte->capillaries->portal system(gut/liver sys.)->liver & other tissues2. Galactose a) Same as glucoseb) Can be converted to glucose to meet needs of enterocyte3. Fructosea) Facilitated diffusion- GLUT5b) NOT SODIUM DEPENDENTc) Some fructose->glucosed) ->livere) Remember that enterocyte needs fuel can use glucose, fructose, and galactose to do so! We really want the liver to hold fructose and galac.; and just a little glucose the rest throughout the body4. Glucose transportersa) GLUT1-erythrocytes (red blood cells), placentab) *****GLUT2c) GLUT3-braind) GLUT4-***insulin stimulated(uptake of glu @ muscle, hreat, adipose)e) *****GLUT5- absorption of fructose from small intestinef) GLUT6-spleen, braing) GLUT7-unknownh) GLUT9,10-liveri) *****SGLT1-glucose, galactose @ lumen.j) ***** are involved into and out of the enterocytek) Type 1 diabetes: form insulin @ pancreasesl) Type 2: makes insulin, but GLUT4 and insulin dont work together!(1) Anaerobic without oxygen(a) Glucose->pyruvate->lactate(2) Aerobic with oxygen(a) Glucose->pyruvate->acteyl CoAAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS II. NOTICE UNDER glyceraldehyde on down everything is 2x because DHAP->glyceraldehyde1. Rate limiting enzymesa) Glucokinase (liver)- up-regulated by insulin; lots of insulin means lots of blood glucose so glucokinase up-regulated so more of that blood glucose will go into liver
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