Wellness Exam 2 Study Guide Chapter 12 Cardiovascular Disease CVD affects about 80 million Americans year o 2400 deaths per day Leading causes of Death in US o 1 Heart attacks manifestation of CVD o 2 Cancer o 3 Strokes manifestation of CVD o All are primarily linked to lifestyle choices The Cardiovascular System o Heart o Blood Vessels The Heart Move blood throughout the body o 4 chambered o Beneath the sternum breastbone o Deoxygenated blood lungs oxygenated blood rest of body o Right side of heart pumps blood to lungs in pulmonary circulation o Left side pumps blood to rest of body in systemic circulation o Oxygen poor blood travels the vanae cavae heart s right upper o Right atrium fills contracts pumps blood into right lower chamber or chamber atrium ventricle artery lungs left atrium o Right ventricle fills contracts pumps blood through the pulmonary o Blood picks up O and discards CO2 o Oxygenated blood goes from lungs through the pulmonary veins o Left atrium fills contracts pumps blood to left ventricle pumps blood through aorta body s largest artery to the body s smaller and smaller blood vessels o Smallest arteries branch into capillaries tiny vessels 1 cell thick o Capillaries deliver oxygen nutrient rick blood to tissues and pick up oxygen poor blood From capillaries the blood empties into small veins larger veins back to heart o R L coronary arteries branch off the aorta and supply the heart muscle w oxygenated blood blockage of coronary arteries leading cause of heart attacks o Systole heart s contraction o Diastole heart s relaxation Veins Arteries o Blood heart o Thin walls o Blood away from heart o Thick walls o Elastic to expand and relax Risk Factors for CVD o Tobacco 1 5 deaths of CVD 35 000 nonsmokers due of ETS o High Blood pressure Doubles triples risk of dying from CVD stroke Damages lining of arteries Reduces high density lipoproteins HDL good cholesterol Raises low density lipoproteins LDL bad cholesterol Nicotine increases blood pressure heart rate CO replaces O in the blood reducing how much gets to the body Causes platelets to stick together causes clotting speeds development of fatty deposits in the arteries Platelets are cell fragments in the blood that are necessary for the formation of blood clots Aka hypertension Form of CVD scars and hardens arteries Occurs when too much force is exerted against the walls of the arteries Aka Silent Killer no symptoms damages organs increases risk of heart attack congestive heart failure stroke kidney failure and blindness constriction of smooth muscle around arteries atherosclerosis arteries are clogged and narrow Get BP tested every 2 years practice DASH Less sodium 2300 mg 1 teaspoon Hypertension 1500 mg day or medication Measured with a stethoscope a sphygmomanometer 2 numbers mm of mercury Systolic Diastolic blood pressure Healthy adult 120 80 115 75 risk of CVD 140 90 hypertension high blood pressure o High Blood Cholesterol levels Cholesterol fatty wax like substance that circulates the blood stream component in cell membranes sex hormones vitamin D fluid that coats the lungs protective sheath around nerves Clogs arteries increase risk of CVD Manufactured in liver affected my foods Good vs Bad Cholesterol LDL bad cholesterol low density lipoproteins o cholesterol from liver organs tissues o Unused cholesterol deposited in blood vessels o If coronary arteries blocked heart attack o Artery carrying blood to brain stroke HDL good cholesterol o Unused cholesterol liver for recycling o Protects against atherosclerosis Controlling Cholesterol Lower LDL o increase fiber replace unsaturated fats with saturated trans fats promote production of cholesterol by the liver o exercise eat fruits veggies fish whole grains Lower total cholesterol triglycerides blood fat Raise HDL can reduce risk of CVD even w high cholesterol o Exercise loose weight don t smoke 100mg dl LDL 200mg dl Total cholesterol o Physical inactivity Fights against heart disease Lowers risk of CVD Decreases BP resting heart rate Prevents diabetes Increases HDL Improves condition of blood vessels o Obesity 2 3x more likely for CVD BMI 30 Lean people BMI 18 5 24 9 More blood work done by heart chronically elevated pressures in heart chambers ventricular hypertrophy enlargement of organ heart muscle can fail o Diabetes High blood glucose levels Lacking insulin Can damage endothelial cells that line arteries atherosclerosis Abnormal blood lipid levels high triglyceride low HDL Platelet blood coagulation abnormalities heart attacks stroke Risk Factors that CAN be changed o High Triglyceride Levels Tryglcerides blood fats food manufactured in body heart disease excess body fat physical inactivity high carb diet type 2 diabetes excess alcohol intake smoking etc o Psychological and Social Factors Stress Stress hormones activate Sympathetic NS fight or flight Increase heart rate BP Can lead to arrhythmias abnormal heart rhythms Chronic Hostility and Anger Type A Angry men 2 3x more likely to get heart attack CVD Suppressing Psychological Distress Type C Higher rate of heart disease Elevates basal levels of stress hormones Increased risk of coronary heart disease CHD Depression Anxiety Social Isolation Increase risk of CHD Low Socioeconomic Status Decreased access to health care o Alcohol and Drugs High BP stroke heart failure Cocaine cardiac problems Injection infection of heart stroke Risk Factors that CAN T o Heredity o Aging Heart attacks double each decade after age 50 o Being Male be changed Especially early in life Younger than 55 greater risk of hypertension By 75 gender gap disappears o Ethnicity o Inflammation and C Reactive Protein When artery is injured smoking cholesterol HBP etc body produces inflammation C reactive protein CRP released into bloodstream during inflammation High levels of CRP risk of heart attack stroke Can harm coronary arteries Statin drugs lower cholesterol decrease inflammation reduce CRP levels Possible Risk Factors being studied o Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndrome Insulin resistance Less physical activity weight gain Muscles fat liver become less sensitive to insulin Pancreas secrete more insulin to keep glucose levels normal Eventually high insulin becomes insufficient blood glucose levels rise hyperglycemia type 2 diabetes Metabolic Syndrome CVD High carb diets especially high glycemic index foods o raise levels of glucose triglycerides o lower HDL Eat more unsaturated fats protein veggies fiber sugars Amino acid