HUN 3224 Test 1 Study Guide Digestion and Absorption Carbohydrates 1 Know names what they are made of bonds and examples of each a Monosaccharide i Hexose major source of energy 1 Glucose most abundant sugar in the body aka blood sugar 2 Fructose Sweet and found in fruits 3 Galactose Found in milk ii Pentose made from hexoses 1 Ribose found in ATP DNA RNA b Disaccharides Formed from 2 monosaccharaides i Maltose Glucose Glucose ii Sucrose Glucose Fructose iii Lactose Glucose Galactose glycoside bonds i Most 1 4 linkages are not digestible ii Raffinose Gal Glu Fruc iii Stachyose Gal Gal Glu Fruc d Polysaccharides i Starch c Oligosaccharides 3 10 monosaccharaides linked by 1 4 and 1 4 1 Storage form of CHO in plants and has 2 types 2 Amylose soluble in H2O a Glucose linked by 1 4 bonds b Linear molecule 3 Amylopectin insoluble in H2O a Branched chain polymer b Glucose linked by 1 4 long straight chains and 1 ii Glycogen 6 branches 1 Storage form of CHO in animals a Liver b Muscle 2 Highly branched 3 Energy source a Glycogenolysis iii Fiber 1 Non digestible plant polysaccharides 2 1 4 glycoside linkages 3 Defined by USDA a Dietary Fiber found intact and intrinsic in plants b Functional fiber has been isolated extracted or manufactured and have beneficial effects 4 2 Types a Insoluble i Doesn t dissolve in water ii Decreases transit time iii iv Ex lignans celluloses and some Increases fecal bulk hemicelluloses b Soluble i Dissolves in water ii iii Ex Pectins gums and some hemicelluloses Increase transit time 2 Carbohydrate digestion a What happens in the mouth but not 1 6 bonds ii Amylose digestion b In the small intestine i Pancreatic secretion i Salivary glands produce salivary amylase that digest 1 4 bonds 1 Incomplete due to time spent in mouth and the 1 6 bonds 1 Bicarbonate regulates pH 2 Pancreatic amylase digests starches ii Brush border enzymes located in the microvilli 3 Understand what happens at the brush border and how monosaccharaides are transported in and out of cells 4 What happens if we have an enzyme deficiency 5 Know non digestible carbohydrates know examples why they are non digestible and what happens to them in the large intestine Glycolysis Krebs HMP shunt 1 Glycolysis Krebs See Drawings 2 Know the rate limiting steps a Glycolysis b Krebs 3 Know where ATP NADH FADH2 and GTP are produced 1molecule glucose 4 How is NADH produced in the cytosol transported into the mitochondria 5 Be able to explain the different products of aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis a Aerobic 1 b Anaerobic 1 Energy Molecule ATP NADH FADH GTP 6 Be able to explain the total amount of energy produced from one molecule of glucose Glycolysis Krebs Total ATP 2 4 6 2 2 2 10 2 2 2 30 4 2 7 Know the functions of the HMP Shunt a a a a a Purpose To important intermediates not produced in other pathways b Products 1 Pentose phosphates used for synthesis of nucleic acids 2 NADH used for synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol c Location Cytosol 8 Know where these pathways take place a Glycolysis Cytosol b Krebs Cycle Mitochondrial matrix c HMP Shunt Cytosol Electron Transport Chain 1 Understand the concept of the coupling steps 2 Know why electrons from NADH make three ATP and FADH2 makes 2 ATP 3 Understand the relationship between the Thyroid Hormone and BMR a a a Gluconeogenesis 1 Know beginning and end products a Begins with Pyruvate 2 Be able to explain non reversible steps a Acetyl CoA Pyruvate b Pyruvate Phosphoenol pyruvate c Acetyl CoA is made into OAA for the Krebs cycle and can t be taken out because then it would stop and undermine the point 3 Understand circumstances in which we would use this pathway a Makes glucose when CHO is not available b Hypoglycemia can cause brain dysfunction coma death c Clears lactate produce by the muscle via Cori Cycle Glycogenesis Glycogenolysis 1 Know beginning and end products a Glycogenesis Glucose Glycogen b Glycogenolysis Glycogen Glucose 2 Functions of each process a Glycogenesis 3 When we would use these processes b Glycogenolysis i i a Glycogenesis b Glycogenolysis a 4 Understand first and second messengers hormones cAMP Understand and be able to explain glucose regulation 1 Including both types of diabetes etiology and treatments and hypoglycemia a Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 i Causes 1 Autoimmune or viral damage to cells 2 Low insulin production a Glucose cannot move into cells b Therefore glucose remains in blood 1 Typically associated with diagnosis weight loss ketosis ii Symptoms increased urination iii Long Term Complications 1 Kidney disease blindness poor circulation impaired nerve conduction CVD iv Treatment Insulin 1 2 Diet a CHO controlled b Amount of food c Time of food 3 Goal stable blood glucose levels b Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 i Causes 1 Insulin resistance a Obesity inactivity diet genetics ii Symptoms and Long Term Complications 1 Similar to Type 1 2 Pancreatic insufficiency iii Treatment 1 Weight loss diet pharmaceuticals insulin 2 Exercise stimulates action of insulin 3 Metformin Glucophage liver glucose production 4 Glucotrol stimulates insulin secretion 5 Avandia Stimulates insulin receptors c Gestational Diabetes i Abnormal glucose tolerance during pregnancy ii Excessive weight gain during pregnancy and obese women pre pregnancy have higher incidence of gestational diabetes iii Some women with gestational diabetes will develop type 2 diabetes post pregnancy especially if they are overweight Increases the risk of Macrosomia NICU stays and hypoglycemia in infant following birth iv d Hypoglycemia i Can occur in diabetes and non diabetics ii Symptoms 1 Irritability dizziness headache shakiness sweating confusion unconsciousness seizures comas iii Causes 1 More insulin or medication than food 2 3 Alcohol Increased activity 1 Match insulin medications with meals iv Prevention 2 If you will be doing more activity than usual have a snack first 3 Don t drink excessively and do not drink on an empty stomach v Treatment 1 15 15 rule 2 2 3 Glucose tablets 3 cup fruit juice or soda 4 5 6 pieces of candy
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