ER100/PP184/ER200/PP284, Fall 2022Problem Set #5Total Points: 100 for ER100/PP184; 125 for ER200/PP284Show your work for complete credit. Online submissions must be a single PDF document,otherwise points will be deducted.1) Electric grid (25 points) The Trans Bay Cable is a 53 mile long, underwater high-voltagedirect current (HVDC) line connecting PG&E's Potrero Substation in San Francisco toPG&E’s Pittsburgh Substation in Pittsburgh, CA. The cable can transmit 400MW of power toSan Francisco at +/- 200kV DC.a. With a difference in voltage of 400kV (+200kV - (-200kV)), what is the total currentof the Trans Bay Cable? Assume no losses. [3 points]b. Assume the Trans Bay Cable has a resistance of 0.0375844Ω/mile per conductor.Typically, the current flowing through an HVDC power line is evenly split across itstwo conductors, ½ on the positive voltage line and ½ on the negative voltage line.Assuming this is the case for the Trans Bay Cable, calculate the power lost to heatfrom a single conductor of the cable using the current calculated in part a. [6 points]c. The engineers that built the Trans Bay Cable believe they could modify the line tooperate at 700kV (+350kV - (-350kV)). What would be power lost to heat from asingle conductor of the cable at this new voltage? [7 points]d. NextEra Energy, the company that now owns the Trans Bay Cable, claims the cablehas enough power to provide 40% of San Francisco’s peak power needs. Based onthis claim, what is San Francisco’s peak power consumption? [3 points]e. According to the California Energy Commission, the County of San Franciscoconsumed 5631.8615 GWh of electricity in 2019. If San Francisco consumedNextEra’s claimed peak power for 2 hours every day, what was the average off-peakpower consumption in 2019? Assume power is constant over any given hour [6points]2) Natural Gas and Fracking [25 points]: Answer the following questions with a shortparagraph each. Rely on course materials including lecture, section notes, and readings. Citeyour sources where appropriate. a. Hydraulic fracturing has revolutionized the energy industry in the United States, whatare the consequences of this change, positive and negative? Consider impacts to theenvironment, public health, marginalized communities, land use, the economy, andpolitics. [5 points]b. What are the benefits to using natural gas as an energy source and what are thedrawbacks? Think about its impact on the electric grid, carbon emissions, energyaccess, and energy prices. [10 points]c. Natural gas is sometimes called a “transition fuel.” What does this mean and what arethe implications for energy policy? [10 points]3) Nuclear Energy and Waste [25 points]: After the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station(SONGS) closed in 2012, the Diablo Canyon Power Plant is the last remaining nuclear powerplant operating in California. Located near San Luis Obispo, the Diablo Canyon facility isoperated by PG&E and is composed of 2 pressurized-water nuclear reactors. Each reactor canproduce electricity at a rate of 1,100 MW and the plant typically operates at an averagecapacity factor of 0.83. Nuclear power plants such as Diablo Canyon are important sources ofbaseload electricity because of their high output capability and low variable operating costs.In June 2016 due to a number of factors (including proximity to earthquake fault lines),PG&E announced that it plans to close Diablo Canyon when the current operating licenseexpires in 2025. a. Calculate the average annual electricity output of Diablo Canyon in TWh. [2 points]b. The following chart shows California’s electricity generation mixes in 2011 (the lastyear the SONGS nuclear plant of southern California operated) and 2016,respectively. Fill in your answer from part a in the 2016 column for nuclear, thencalculate total CA generation for 2016. Calculate the percent change (2 sigfigs) foreach generation type between 2011 and 2016. In 2016, what share of California’selectricity supply was met by Diablo Canyon? [3 points]California Electricity Generation (GWh)Source20112016%ChangeHydroelectric42,73128,977Nuclear36,666In-State Coal2,096324Oil3637Natural Gas91,02198,846Geothermal12,68511,582Biomass6,0515,868Wind7,59813,500Solar1,11519,786Direct Coal Imports13,0328,768Other Imports79,52583,572Total Electricity Generation(CA Generation plus NetImports)292,556c. Assuming total electricity generation in 2012 remained the same as in 2011, and all ofthe lost capacity from shutting down SONGS was made up by increased output fromCalifornia’s natural gas-fired power plants, how much additional CO2, in pounds, wasreleased in 2012? Assume that when SONGS was operational (prior to 2012) itselectricity generation emitted no CO2, Diablo Canyon generated as much electricity in2012 as it did in 2016, and that California natural gas-fired power plants emit 375 lbsof CO2per MWh. [5 points]d. Diablo Canyon stores 95% of its spent nuclear fuel onsite. [5 points]i. In what year will the Plutonium-240 (Pu-240) expended by DiabloCanyon in the year 2016 have decayed to one-third of its 2016 quantity? ii. How many metric tons of Pu-240 in the spent fuel will still be onsite inthat year?Assume the following:● In a light water reactor, approximately 1.0kg of spent nuclear fuel is produced forevery 50. megawatt-days (MWd) of thermal energy input.● For the purposes of this analysis, assume the spent nuclear fuel produced is 1.8%Pu-240 by mass. Pu-240 has a half-life of 6,430 years.● The thermal efficiency of the power plant is 38%● Use equation for radioactive decay: Qt= Q0e-ktwhere: ● Qt= quantity of radioactive material at time t● Q0= original quantity of radioactive material● k = the decay constant ● t = time interval in years● The decay constant k is defined by the relation: Half-life = ln(2)/ke. Yucca Mountain in Nevada is a site that has been considered for indefiniteunderground storage of spent nuclear fuel. The legislative limit on the capacity ofYucca Mountain is 77,000 tons of spent fuel. At the current installed nuclear capacityfor the United States, 99,000 MWe, how many years of spent fuel from the U.S. coulda Yucca Mountain-style repository store? Assume that the rest of the nuclear powerplant fleet in the US has the same capacity factor, thermal efficiency, and rate of spentfuel production as Diablo Canyon. [5 points]f. How many kilograms of uranium fuel (U-238) – 3% of which is enriched to U-235 bymol (not by mass) – are used to