ER 200 Midterm Review – Lecture Slides[5] Energy for 'the South' I: Energy Transitions and National Development – 9/116 DALY: Disability Adjusted Life-Year9 About 2 TOE/capita/year correlate with benefits of modern technology 19 Poverty & Development: Debt is huge, global trading system unfairly benefits rich countries24 Household energy needs: 500 kWh thermal, 300 kWh electric (annual, per capita) 26 Johannesburg Summit on Sustainable Development: more talk than action29 Human Development Index: Alternative to GDP, measures well being instead of monetary wealth37 IPAT: Impact = Population * Affluence * Technology[6] Energy for 'the South' II: Household and Gender – 9/135 Sources of household energy: lots of biomass 8 Improved cookstoves: first to lower fuel consumption, eventually to improve health10 "Fuel wood gap" fallacy: Cooking fires do not drive deforestation 18 Air pollution exposure: Developing > Industrialized; Rural > Urban20 Air pollution leading cause of mortality 22 Air pollution leading cause of disease (measured by DALY)23 "Energy Ladder" fallacy: people don't just use the next stage of advanced fuels24 Charcoal worse for forests & GHGs than wood30 Gender, Age, & health: Women & children worst hit by air pollution34 Improved cookstoves & charcoal improve health[7] Energy Toolkit III: Energy Thermodynamics – 9/10/0711 1st law of thermodynamics16-19 Energy and power balance for power plant21 Parts of power plant23 Heat engine29 Forms of energy for heat engine30-31 1st law efficiency32-33 2nd law of thermodynamics34-36 Carnot efficiency37 2nd law efficiency38-39 Comparison of efficiencies50 Brayton cycle diagram51 Carnot cycle diagrams[8] Hydrocarbon Man – 9/17/072 Products of 100 barrels of crude3 Who has the oil?7 Graph of real oil prices & major events11 Exponential resource consumption13-16 Hubbert’s curve18 Oil production in lower 4822 Impacts of oil peaking46 Growth in consumption47 Decline in discoveries, peaking nations51 GHG emissions & production potential for hydrocarbons (Brandt and Farrell)54-57 Fossil fuel alternatives to conventional oil[9] Intro to Power Plants – 9/25/07Slides 4, 6, 10, 12, 13, 26[10] Modern Power Plants and Emissions – 9/27/07Slides 2, 3, 4, 12, 13-16, 18, 22[11] Energy Toolkit VI: Energy Economics – 10/2/075 Costs of electricity generation; compares costs of different sources over lifetime of plants...showing need to amortize costs to make renewables competitive. Question: how would carbon tax change this graph?8 Basic Questions about cost of energy, efficiency...9 The Learning Curve for different energy technologies, showing decrease in cost (at different rates) as technologies develop.10 Learning Curves compared (log scale). Nice straight lines whose slopes give the rate of cost decrease over time. Rule of Thumb:? Every time capacity of e.g. windis doubled, price drops 20%. As the pace of improvement slows this price drop also slows, e.g. gas turbine improvements dropped off so the slope of the line levels off (to 10%). Wind, PV seem to follow same pattern, like computer processing units (Moore's Law).13 graph showing an exception, during the Depression, when elec. prices rose despitesteady improvements and increase in capacity...14 Learning Curve Formulas (cost, volume, progress ratio, etc.)18 calculating Simple Payback19 Intro to Discount Rate22 Calculating present and future value23 Calculating uniform series amounts24/25 profits and present value26 exponential examples...interest and discount rates28 Capital recovery factor29 Net Present Value31 Summary of definitions32 example calculating cost per kwh for natural gas plant. Shows how increase in 1stlaw efficiency translates directly to money saved35 Light bulb comparison: If savings are so obvious why doesn't everyone buy the efficient technology?[12] Evolution of the U.S. Electricity Industry Lecture – 10/4/072 Outline10 electricity and progress, marketing in early 20th century21 graph showing leveling off of turbine efficiency starting in 1960s23 graph: power plant size projected evolution, vs actual path33 graph: very different projections of us demand for electricity34 graph: decline in avg adjusted electricity price over last 100 years36 technological stasis46 graph: us investment in energy R and D47 PURPA54 state renewables targets/mandates[13] Life-Cycle Assessment – 10/9/07From Rubin, Chapter 7:Steps in LCA-Construct a flow diagram: major categories of interest and define scope of study-Impact analysis-Improvement analysis5 what are the four steps in life-cycle assessment.Construct a flow diagram and raw materials acquisitionManufacturingUse/Reuse/Maintanance (User related)Recycle/Waste management6 Why use LCA?7 Goal and scope definitionInventory analysisImpact assessmentAll used for interpretation8 How to practice LCADetermine material intensity/environmental impact of a product through entire life-cycleInclude inputs and environmental outputsTypes of LCA? Product Based LCA *Economic Input Output analysis-based LCA – we do this Input (raw materials, energy), output (emission and waste) Set boundary at the entire economy, includes direct and indirect economic inputs Environmental impact factor: E = (1-D)-1FLife-Cycle Impact AssessmentClassification, Characterization, Evaluation Example: Glen Canyon Dam – CO2 production over the entire life cycle[14] Energy Efficiency – 10/11/07Why Energy Efficiency: increasing energy demand will require many new powerplants – (California mainly uses natural gas for electric generation and industrial use)4 Energy developmentsMegawatts versus Negawatts – make more electricity (megawatts) or cut electricity usage through energy efficiency (negawatts). A negawatt (cost of saving energy) is smaller than a megawatt (cost of buying energy)Real-time pricing: users are charge based on the cost of generating electricity when they use it, not a flat rate for electricity. Users charged more money for using electricity at mid-day than in nighttime.Distributed generation: includes pulling alternative energy producers like solar (from people’s rooftops) into the grid to provide additional load on the grid during peak times.Performance contracts: In the future, hopefully contracts will be won based on overall lower price over time (by using energy-efficient lighting and heating), as opposed to the lowest possible upfront price (that use cheap inefficient technology