ER100/PP184/ER200/PP284, Fall 2021Problem Set #1 Energy Units & Conversions, Global Energy UseTotal Points: 100 for ER110/PP184; 125 for ER200/PP284 Due September 10The purpose of these problems is to begin to get you comfortable with the wide array of energyunits used, and to gain experience in both doing calculations, and in finding other information you need by hunting around. Show your work for complete credit. Online submissions must be a single PDF document, otherwise points will be deducted.1. Warm up [25 points]a. One of the fundamental components of energy literacy is understanding the distinction between energy and power. In your own words, provide definitions for these two concepts. Use kilowatts and kilowatt-hours to discuss the relationship between energy and power. (5 points)b. Assume that current global power usage rate is approximately 15TW. What percent is this of total solar radiation incident at the top of the earth’s atmosphere? What source provides the largest % of current human use? (5 points). c. Suppose a refrigerator operates with average power consumption of 65 We. How much energy in kWhe is consumed by the refrigerator per year? (5 points)d. Tour de France riders consume about 5,200 Calories per day of the race. Calculate a rider’s average power intake in Watts over the 21 days of the Tour. [Power intake is the rate at which the rider consumes energy in the form of food. The actual energy used to propel the rider’s bike, kinetic energy, is less than the energy they eat. There is some energy loss due to inefficiencies in converting between food and usable energy, maintaining body heat, etc. but we ignore this here.] (5 points)e. The rated power of the GE’s largest wind turbine is an amazing 12.0 MW1. Assuming its average capacity factor* is 45%, how much energy does the wind turbine produce per year? If 100% of electricity demand of the City of Berkeley will come from these GE windturbines, how many wind turbines will be necessary? (Assume that an average citizen in Berkeley consumes 6.7 MWh/year.) (5 points) *In this class we define capacity factor as the ratio of actual energy output to possible energy output over a given time period. We will cover this concept in greater detail in Week 3 section.2. Electricity and unit conversion [25 points] 1 https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/energy/a25956533/ge-largest-wind-turbine/In 2015, the total amount of electricity generation in California was 196 billion kWh. For the problems below, assume that 30% of the energy available in the following fuels can be converted to provide for this amount of electricity, unless otherwise indicated. (Later in the course, we’ll show you where this assumption comes from.) Please refer to “Toolkit Appendices” for various conversion rates.a. How many joules of energy is this equivalent to? Express your answer in TJ/year. (3 points) b. How many barrels of oil would be required to produce this much electricity? (2 points)c. How many kilograms of nuclear fuel? (The fuel fed into a Pebble Bed Modular reactor contains 270,000 MWd [Megawatt-day] of energy per metric ton. The efficiency of such a reactor is 30%.) (3 points)d. How many kilograms of wood? (2 points) e. How many kilograms of coal? (2 points) f. How many cubic feet of natural gas? (Note the temperature and pressure, if known.) (2 points) g. How many square meters of solar panels would be required to produce this much electricity? (assume that the panels are in an area with an annual average solar radiation of 5.7 kWh/m2/day, and that the solar panels have a conversion efficiency of 14%) (3 points)h. How many gallons of water need to fall the height of Niagara Falls? Assume that 1 kg of water at a height of 1 meter stores 10 J of energy. (3 points)i. Calculate the energy density of each of the above fuels in MJ/kg, and rank them from most to least dense. [Hint: You will need to know the density of oil and natural gas to rank all fuels]. (5 points) 3. International Energy Comparisons [ER100/PP184: 25 points, ER200/PP284: 40 points] For this problem, you will need to use the website of U.S. EIA (Energy Information Administration) for all energy data: http://www.eia.doe.gov a. Of total global primary energy consumption, what percent did the U.S. consume in 2015? (3 points) b. What is the average per capita consumption (in Btu/person) for the U.S. for 2015? For the world? For Mexico? India? Germany? South Korea? Niger? (Hint: you need to find population data – you may want to use the CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/ ) Use the most recent data available, and indicate what year(s) you used. (9 points)Primary Energy Consumption (Quadrillion Btu)- EIAPopulation (CIA Factbook)Primary Energy Consumption per capita(MBtu per capita)USWorldMexicoIndiaGermanySouth KoreaNigerc. Looking at the per capita energy use of the countries listed above, what is the ratio between the country with the largest and the country with the smallest rates of per capita consumption? What are those countries? (3 points)d. Using data for the countries listed in part b, examine the relationship between per capita energy use and GDP per capita (fill out the table using the CIA factbook and note the year of data). Draw a graph of those two statistics for those countries. Can you suggest anything about the correlation between per capita energy consumption and percapita income? For this graph, should energy consumption per capita be put on the x-axis (independent variable) or on the y-axis (dependent variable)? Why? (10 points)GDP per capita (CIA factbook) USWorldMexicoIndiaGermanySouth KoreaNigere. [For ER200/PP284 students only] The energy intensity of a country’s economy is defined as the ratio of its total primary energy consumption to its GDP for a given year. What might be the advantages of using energy intensity as a unit of analysis as compared to using energy use per capita? What might we infer about a country whose energy intensity has been decreasing over time? What factors might cause energy intensity to differ between two industrialized nations (for example, the United States and China)? (15 points)4. Transportation Options [ER100/PP184: 25 points, ER200/PP284: 35 points]a. Imagine your neighbor owns a 2007 Ford Explorer SUV that gets 13 miles to the gallon incity traffic, and around 18 miles to the gallon on the highway. Your 2015 hybrid HondaCivic consumes approximately 4.5 liters of gasoline per