Key Slides from the Back Half of ER 200[16] The Grid (Transmission)5 power system components15 governmental transmission organizations17 why transmit power?20 transmission and profits22 key features of transmission system25 Ohm's Law28 why does voltage matter?31 transmission efficiency39 load duration curve and cost of meeting peak42 AB189051 distributed generation[18] Nuclear Physics5 - Binding Energy holds atom together. If we split or combine atoms, we can release some of the binding energy.13 - California Electricity Consumption 2004: 12.8% nuclear15 - DOE electricity projections depend strongly on the assumed cost of nuclear power plants.18 - Nuclear has very low life-cycle CO2 emissions26 - Generations of nuclear energy -- becoming more economical, safer, and less wastefulover time27 - Fission Reactors: Boiling Water Reactors (schematic similar to WK 11 Handout)29 - Fission Reactors: Pressurized Water Reactors (schematic similar to WK 11 Handout)47-50 - Yucca Mountain: Projected groundwater contaminant path compared to natural and human chemical contamination; current legal capacity limit is 63,000 MT for spent fuel (US will reach this limit in 2014), but technical capacity is higher; advanced fuel cycles would increase capacity factor by 50X57 - Summary: 19 US sites applying for combined nuclear construction and operating, 3 in queue with NRC certification[19] Nuclear Waste (do you find it attractive to be radioactive?)3 - Cumulative nuclear = 1420 GW*year (1957-2000)4 - Issues with nuclear = economics, radioactive waste disposal (high- and low-level), safety, and security (proliferation & terrorism)6 - Fuel consumption and waste generation for crude oil, coal, LNG, and nuclear7 - Characteristics of Uranium - U235 is fissionable with only slow neutrons and U238 is fissionable with only fast neutrons. Naturally occurring, but okay in rocks because it's locked and stable.14 - Nuclear fuel cycle and waste generation (flow chart)23-24 - Why Yucca Mountain? Other repositories half its size. Three Types of Waste Packages, including defense material (very advanced)27-28 - Dose rates with different scenarios -- nominal performance have more distant effects than human intrusion. NOT a prediction. Evaluation based on several assumptions. Depository should last tens of thousands of years.30-34 and 38 - Issues with geologic disposal, primarily spent fuel accumulation (capacity a limiting factor). Final closure requires being able to close it and walk away (so that it's not a concern for future generations).[20] Hydrogen and Fuel Cells 3: Why the Hydrogen Promise/Hype: high energy density/storage capacity7: Electrolysis: join together H & O to generate electricity, 40% efficiency9: Components of fuel cell13: Fuel cell basics diagram 17: Fuel Cell Operating Principle18: Basic Fuel Cell Operation19: Major types of fuel cells 26: Fuel cell operating principle diagram 251: Fuel Cell Vehicle Economics 52: Fuel Cell Vehicles & DG53: Comparison of Emission Factors [21] Renewable Energy4: Global Renewable Facts 23: Turbine Efficiency23: Utility Scale vs. Small Wind27: US Wind Resources31: US Wind Power Capacity35: Wind Energy Market Barriers36: Wind Energy Market Advantages41: Positive Impacts of State RPS Policies42: Design requirements for an effective RPS48: Comparison of Policies51: Installed Solar PV Capacity55: How Solar Cell Works57: What do you get out of PV module?60: PV Device Types77: 2005 Cost of Electricity Generation79: Learning Curve82: Factors driving cost reduction[22] Modern Biomass3 – Biomass is not a very efficient alternative energy source on a land-area basis5 – Biomass has not been following the same learning curves as other energy sources (linear as opposed to exponential)6 – Gasoline prices and ethanol production are correlated7 – Biofuels forecast: a growth industry; Rough estimate: 20 gal ethanol/ton biomass8/9 – Biofuels processing pathways11 – Ethanol is marginally better/worse than gasoline on a GHG and energy-input basis17/18 – Comparison of biofuel feedstocks22 – How to satisfy biofuel needs with limited land area28 – Low-carbon fuels31 – Carbon footprint of fuels must consider indirect land-use changes, as well38-45 – Trade-offs between food and fuel46-50 – Modern agriculture is input-intensive[23] Energy and Transportation4 – Why transportation energy is important6 – Vehicle innovation has not been direct towards raising fuel economy8 – Hubbert’s Peak and “fuel wedges”13 – Economically recoverable oil and everything after18 – FT chemistry22 – Driving is bad for the environment32 – Gasoline use in a vehicle44 – CAFÉ stagnation[17/24] Energy & Environmental JusticeDefinitions: Justice relates to the equitable distribution of benefits and adverse costs. Justice should not be based on race, beliefs, class, etc. 9 Theories of justiceUtilitarian: a harm is equal to a negative benefite.g. one person getting cancer = 5 people not getting nice carsMaximin: A harm is not equal to a negative benefit. Top priority of society should be minimizing human suffering; funding directed to most vulnerableRawlsian: complicated. See slides 10-12Simple Equitye.g. per-capita carbon capsDesert/Lifeboat 17 Lorenz curve shows income distributions. A 45% line is complete equity, the farther the line droops, the less equitable the distribution.26 Community monitoring: “Grab bag” and “Bucket brigade” (sample collections)50 What Climate Change Actions different theories of justice lead to53-56 EJ examination of oil in NigeriaAdverse consequences (pollution, political repression to enforce inequities) mostly stay in NigeriaBenefits (profits & product) are mostly exportedCommunity-led initiatives to demand EJ[25-28] Climate Change6: basic climate model7: more accurate climate model8: relative effect of different GHGs9: radiative forcing: positive and negative ones plus their level of understanding12: CO2 emissions by countries (note developed vs. developing countries trends)13: industry and land use change are the major GHG sources**15: CO2 sources and sinks16: know the relative size of carbon pools (ie, ocean swamps land & atmosphere carbon)18: direct, indirect, and questionable (clouds) feedbacks**20: evidence of anthropogenic causes of climate change via modeling climate change with and without human effects(22-40): these slides give many