Bryophytes Topic 4 Learning Objectives Plant Biology BOT 3015 Dr Mast 1 What ecological roles do bryophytes play Why are they important to the global C cycle a Bryophyte liverworts hornworts mosses i Paraphyletic with respect to vascular plants b Store large amounts of carbon play significant role in global carbon cycle c Provide seed beds for the larger plants of the community hold water they capture and recycle nutrients that are washed with rainwater from the canopy and they bind soil to keep it from eroding d Sphagnum any of an order of atypical mosses that grow only in wet acid areas where their remains become compacted with other plant debris to form peat i When dried and compressed peat forms a coal like fuel 2 What distinguishes bryophytes and vascular plants from green algae Why are the bryophytes and vascular plants called the Embryophytes Recognize that Embryophytes and plants are terms that are used synonymously a Bryophyes and vascular plants share a number of characters that distinguish them from the charophytes green algae i The presence of a male and female gemetangia called antheridia and archegonia respectively with a protective layer called a sterile jacket layer ii Retention of both the zygote and the developing multicellular embryo or young sporophyte within the archegonium or the female gametophyte iii The presence of a multicellular diploid sporophyte which results in an increased number of meiosis and an amplification of the number of spores that can be produced following each fertilization event iv Multicellular sporangia consisting of a sterile jacket layer and internal spore producing sporogenous tissue v Meiospores with walls containing sporopollenin which resists decay and drying vi Tissue produced by an atypical meristem Antheridia archegonia sterile jacket layer matrotrophy sporopollenin embryo 3 What distinguishes bryophytes from vascular plants Vascular tissue 4 How are the terms bryophytes and Phylum Bryophyta being used differently in the text Are bryophytes monophyletic paraphyletic or polyphyletic 5 Describe the bryophyte body both sporophytic and gametophytic stages some terms listed under 6 will be useful to do so How do the leaves and stems of bryophytes differ from the leaves and stems of vascular plants Which pores in the bryophyte body are homologous to the stomata of vascular plants and which are analogous Why is the bryophyte body typically thin Sporophyte gametophyte thallus rhizoids surface pores cuticle 6 How do bryophytes reproduce Explain the reproductive cycle of Marchantia and the moss Fig 16 28 Why are bryophytes frequently associated with water Compare the structures that raise the capsule above the boundary layer the stagnant air layer around any object in hornworts liverworts and Sphagnum Fragmentation gemmae flagella antheridia archegonia sterile jacket venter matrotrophy placenta calyptra foot seta capsule sporangium protonema gametangiophores antheridiophores archegoniophores elaters gemma cups androecium perianth 7 What differentiates the 3 phyla of bryophytes What are the scientific and common names of each phylum Marchantiophyta Bryophyta Anthocerotophyta 8 What are the 3 classes of phylum Bryophyta and how do they differ Why are insectivorous plants common in sphagnum bogs Recognize that moss as a common name is sometimes applied to groups outside phylum Bryophyta e g Spanish moss Class Sphagnidae class Andreaeidae class Bryidae hadrom hydroids leptoids leptom peristome pseudopodium operculum Seedless Vascular Plants Topic 5 Learning Objectives Plant Biology BOT 3015 Dr Mast 1 What distinguishes vascular plants from bryophytes Is the production of an embryo one of those distinguishing features What effect does branching in the sporophyte have on spore production and on the ability to evolve heterospory What role does lignin play in the larger sporophyte of vascular plants 2 What distinguishes seedless vascular plants from seed plants What is a seed Do the seedless vascular plants represent a monophyletic group Lignin Seed 3 Describe the organization of the vascular plant body and the function of the plant tissues How does primary growth differ from secondary growth What happens to the parts of the primary plant body e g the epidermis as secondary growth proceeds Are all leaves of vascular plants homologous How many times has secondary xylem arisen in the vascular plants Root system shoot system dermal tissue system epidermis vascular tissue system xylem phloem ground tissue system cortex mesophyll apical meristem primary growth primary tissues primary plant body lateral meristem secondary growth vascular cambium secondary vascular tissue cork cambium periderm secondary plant body tracheary elements pith stele microphylls megaphylls 4 Describe similarities and differences in the life cycles of seedless vascular plants Be familiar with the life cycles of Lycopodium Selaginella Polypodium Psilotum and Equisetum Does homospory result in a unisexual or bisexual gametophyte How about heterospory How many times and in which groups has heterospory arisen in the Vascular Plants Sporic meiosis alternation of generations homospory heterospory microspores megaspores microsporangia megasporangia microgametophyte megagametophyte microsporophylls megasporophylls sporophylls archegonia strobili eusporangia leptosporangia tapetum sori indusia prothallus annulus sporocarps rhizome sporangiophore elaters 5 What are the two major clades in vascular plants and which extant vascular plants are in each know common names and scientific names when given Lycophyte clade euphyllophyte clade 6 What are the three families that we discussed of phylum Lycopodiophyta How do they differ Lycopodiophyta Lycopodiaceae Selaginellaceae Isoetaceae 7 What are the major differences between the three of four total classes in phylum Monilophyta that we discussed Be familiar with the scientific and common names of each Which is the smallest class and which is the biggest Be able to recognize the differences in the development of a leptosporangium and a eusporangium Monilophyta Psilotopsida Polypodiopsida Equisetopsida leptosporangiate eusporangiate homosporous heterosporous 8 Describe the body of a typical fern sporophyte from order Filicales Fronds pinnae rachis circinate vernation fiddle head 9 From where does coal come Gymnosperms Topic 6 Learning Objectives Plant Biology BOT 3015 Dr Mast 1 What is an ovule What evolutionary steps are thought to have led
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