Design Principles Exam 1 Study GuideChapter 1-principles-guidelines/rules for manipulating the elements-used to create plan/idea that functions-3 types:*linear/directional-leads eye around*highlighting-draws eye and focuses attention*synthesizing-leads eye around as it relates and integrates, parts & whole-design-*opposite of chance, involves a plan, arrangement*also a product, result of design (noun)*means of visual communication*has endless possibilities and solutions, no official rule set*2 types:-behavioral-deals with ways of doing things, actions-sensory-experienced through sight, sound, smell, taste, touch-creative process*involves seeking solutions to problems*different steps can overlap, be done in a different order*content-what is said*form-how it’s said1.thinking*goal, physical limitations, time constraints*consider audience/customer*form follows function*fashion, more about current trends*style, more personal, individual*a successful product has to be well designed in1.function2.structure3.decoration2.looking*can be from lots of sources-nature, history, artifacts, other cul-tures, media*materials, according to Eva Hesse 2 points of viewa.materials are lifeless until given shape by creatorb.materials by their own potential created their end3.doing*experimenting, trial & error, and revisions*pentimenti-traces of the artist’s revisions, “the artist repents”4.critique-can be with professor, or class, when a work is in progress or completed etc.-evaluate if the product meets the functionChapter 2Harmony & Unity-harmony & unity are synonymous-unity-a congruity or agreement exists among the elements in an image, belong to-gether-directed by principles of design, composition-visual unity-whole must predominate over the parts-created by repetition of similar shapes, lines, patterns, colors, negative space-sense of completed wholeness and coherance-organization, doesn’t attract attention-seen in architectureGestalt Principles-Unity-theory of visual psychology, perception-law of simplicity-organize elements into unified wholes*similarity-similar parts will be grouped together, dissimilar separated*proximity-parts close together will be grouped*closure-perception of complete shaped from implied lines, fill in the blanks*continuation-connect parts following in similar direction even if there’s a break or interruption-negative space-shape created between 2 objects-stimulus organization-relationship between whole and parts in composition-whole is different than the sum of its parts-seeing units as a group-harmony-an agreement in feeling, mood, pleasing combination of differing things used in compatible ways, pulls pieces together-functional, structural, and decorative design levels must agree-structural harmony-emerges when parts agree with each other and whole-functional-intended purpose of object, proper choices of styling etc.-decorative-agrees with structure, conveys pleasing & consistent mood-harmony synthesizes-can create feelings-applied design-is design harmonious with its purpose?-unity vs. harmony-harmony relates but doesn’t have to be complete, unity completes*harmony is possible without unity*unity not possible without harmonyChapter 3Emphasis & Focal Point-focal point-emphasis in an image/design*can be more than one*second one is called accent or counterpoint*absence of focal point-emphasizes whole over parts, repetition, more even-emphasis-interruption in fundamental pattern or movement of the viewers eye through the composition or a break in the rhythmways to achieve it1.contrast-focuses attention where one element is different from prevailing design schemesome examples include:*light*bold element in muted colors*naturalistic element vs. distorted*color vs. black and white2.isolation-element is set off by itself from the rest in some way*focal point too close to edge will drag viewer’s eye off the page3.placement-in the center creates emphasis, draws eyeEmphasis & the Figure-utility-dress for concerns such as comfort and warmth-hierarchical-dress indicated position, status-seduction-dress to attract othersChapter 4Scale & Proportion-scale-consistent relationship of sizes to each other and to the whole regardless of shape, depends on the known size of another object*a synthesizing principle*psychologically, larger scale shapes=aggressive, bold, assertive while small scale is more delicate and dainty*can be structurally or decoratively introduced*overall size, applies to all elements*consistent use contributes to psychological satisfaction*hieratic scale-size of something indicates its importance*contrast of scale can create drama, interest*the power of unusual scale=huge scale things cannot be ignored-proportion-concerned with the relation of size of parts to the whole and to each other*synthesizing principle*applies to lines, shapes, forms*early Egyptian and Greeks made formulas to define ideal proportions*golden ratio= 1.618-seen in human figure, nature-magic number/phi*golden mean= ratio 3:5:8*golden rectangle is created by rotating the diagonal of the half square*break points-occur where silhouette lines change (hip, waist, neck, ankle, knee)*head heights-vertical body proportions, number of times the height of head could fit into total height of body (1:8)-scale vs. proportion*scale=size*proportion=relative size, in comparison to another object or standardChapter 5Balance-balance-the feeling of evenly distributed weight resulting in equilibrium, steadiness, and stability, it is innate*horizontal-sides balance each other out*vertical-upper and lower half balance out*radial-center to outer edges balance*physical balance-comes from equal distribution of weight, density, tension*imbalance can be used to create tension*can be created through value and color, texture and pattern-symmetrical/formal-sides mirror one another, nearly identical*symmetry can unify, create emphasis-asymmetrical/informal-each side of the center is different, more complex interaction of parts-radial balance-suggests control and stability in the center-crystallographic balance (allover pattern)-equal emphasis over the entire surface to achieve same visual weight or attractionGLOSSARY TERMSCh. 1Aesthetics- A branch of philosophy concerned with the beautiful in art and how the viewer experiences it Analysis- A measure of the attributes and relationships of an artwork or design Classical- Suggestive of Greek and Roman ideals of beauty and purity of form, style or technique.