Principles of Design Exam 3 Review Fall 2013Chapters 9-12Chapter 9-Pattern and TextureSource-Where design motif’s ariseKnow the four sources of motif’s:Natural- Natural objects as a source originate in nature such as flowers, leaves, waves,snowflakes, animal prints, etc. They lend themselves easily to pattern.Man-made-Represent those that are familiar as a result of experience such as teapots, lipsticks, beach balls, golf clubs, and bird houses. They carry a special significanceImagination- Represent a cross-sensory interpretation and often originate from geo-metric formsSymbolism- Refers to motifs that represent a non-concrete idea such as a political movement, religion, organization, flags. Logos are also considered symbolismRealistic- the motifs have their true colors, highlights and shadows. Stylized- the motif remains recognizable but it is: simplified, flattened, distorted, changes in color, or edged in line.Interpretation-How the source is presented or interpreted by the artist the four interpretation types:Naturalistic-Objects appear as they actually are. Cartoons can be a natural source as well.Stylized-Natural or man-made objects that have been distorted in some way. The ob-ject is still recognizable.Abstract-Non-representational, source is imaginationGeometric- Stems from imagination and portrays no objects. For example, dots, stripes, plaids, chevrons, etc.Arrangement-The distribution of the motifKnow the six arrangements discussed in class:1. All-over- Arrangements give the same effect from any angle, the eye moves auto-matically from motif to motif2. 1-way- only one direction, realistic presentations, unbalanced plaids 3. 2-way- has the same effect when turned 180 degrees, example: stripes.4. 4-way- give the same effect from four directions, or 90 degree turns 5. Border- motifs place along the edge6. Spaced Arrangements- self-contained compositions There are four determinants of texture:1. Mirco/Basic-Fiber Content2. Composite/Yarn Structure3. Macro/Fabric Structure4. FinishesTexture can present itself 3 ways in fashion:1.Transparent2. Translucent3. OpaqueChapter 10 and 11-IllusionsKinds of learning and ways of learningPhysical base- physiology of eye, nerves, and brainLearned base- experience leads to assumptions and expectations2 major types of illusions(example in a graphic image)Static-Consist of Five types:1. Geometric- Illusions occur when lines, space, or shape are misinterpretedA. Carpentered- illusory lengths, widths, or distortions2. Depth and Distance Illusions- We interpret flat im-ages as 3-dimensional objectsA. Foreshortening- a change in perspective andsize as we view objects from greater distancesB. Size and Space Illusion- The eye incorrectly estimates distances or sizes where comparable images are place close together (Titchener and Lipps Circles)C. Directional Illusion- Strong directional feeling within a figure is attributed to the whole figureB. Ambiguous figures- figure/ground reversal or spontaneous change of position3. After-Images- Images we see after we have been looking at a stimulus long enough to tire the retina, then look away and see the same thing but positive is replaced with negative4. Irradiation- The light area is diffused beyond the actual shape5. Exaggeration of differences, color with opposing hues or values intensifies when placed next to each other, increases each others apparent differencesAutokinetic- Self moving illusion that appears to flicker, undulate, waver, or otherwise move. They can be very distracting images.Chapter 12-ValueLightDefinitions: •Light- The electromagnetic energy making things visible, the radian energy re-sulting form vibration of electrons •Wavelength- The distance between the peak of one wave and the next•Frequency- Refers to the speed of the wave vibrations•Perception- We physically perceive light by viewing a light source (light bulb, candle, sun light) or a secondary light source (modifiers such as sunglasses, windows,reflections/reflectors of light) and this light is encoded by our eyes or receivers/en-coders and then is interpreted by our brain. Lighting also facilitates visual perception of products and environments i.e. sterile lighting versus mood lighting/candle lightPsychological Effect: Lightness vs DarknessWe refer to darkness as the absence of light or the “dark ages”Reaction of surfaces, light and temperatures, types of lightSpecular reflection- when light bounces off of a flat, smooth surface such as satin or a mirrorDiffuse reflection- when light bounces off of a rough, wavy or uneven surface such as flannel, asphalt, or carpetingThere are three reactions of light: 1. reflect, 2. absorb, 3. admitLight bounces off light colored surfaces. Dark colored surfaces absorb more light rays which are transformed into heat.Candle light and fire light are warm lights and contain more red, orange, and yellow which makes these colors brighter.Selective absorption is when surface pigments absorb all the color wavelengths except the one that is reflected to the eye. If a balanced white light strikes a surface with no color than all wavelengths are reflected and we see white. If the surface contains no wavelengths then we see black. Shadows are created by the absence of light and define space and spatial relationships as well as create a mood.Principles3 Types of principles:•Linear/Directional-leads the eye from one place to another•Highlighting-occur only at a given point, focusing attention•Synthesizing-leads the eye around the composition, relating and integrating•Repetition-(linear principle) use of something more than once, the simplest and most fundamental principle, the use of similar or connected pictorial elements, regular repetition spaces all repeat identically and strengthens the direction of repeats. It is the principle in which the eye seeks similarities through repetition.Irregular repetition- varies the spacing between repeats, weakening the directionParallelism- (linear principle) usually very easy to identify and is found in architectural and interior design. The space between any two lines must be even but space betweensets of parallel lines can vary. It applies to line, space, and shape. Curved lines can be parallel. The fewer the lines the stronger the direction, the more the parallel lines the weaker the direction.Alternation- (linear principle) A repeated sequence of only two things changing back and forth in the same order. All elements can be