General information 1 Know the general structure of an amino acid HUN 3224 Test 2 Study Guide a 2 know the groups of amino acids and know which amino acids belong in each a Aliphatic Glycine Alanine Valine Leucine Isoleucine b OH group Serine Threonine c Sulfur Methionine Cysteine d Carboxyl Amide Aspartic Acid Glutamic Acid Asparagine Glutamine e Basic Group Arginine Lysine Histidine f Aromatic Rings Phenylalanine Tyrosine Tryptophan g Imino Acid Proline 3 know the functions we discussed in class and some examples of those functions a Energy determined by energy needs of cell i Gluconeogenesis ii Fatty Acid Synthesis b Buffers can accept H c Synthesis of Neurotransmitters i Tyrosine dopamine norepinephrine epinephrine ii Glutamate gamma amino butyric acid iii Tryptophan serotonin 4 Know the essential and non essential amino acids and conditionally essential and why they are d Protein Formation designated as such a Non essential Amino Acids Body can make b Essential Amino Acids Body cannot make and must ingest i His Leu Lys Lle Phe Val Met Trp Thr c Conditionally Essential made from essential amino acids i Cys Tyr Intro to Proteins 1 Understand and be able to describe the structure of proteins primary secondary tertiary and quaternary Be able to give examples where relevant a Primary Sequence of Amino Acids in a polypeptide chain b Secondary Folding of primary structure i a Helix coiling to form cylindrical shape ii b sheets c Tertiary Overall Structure of polypeptide chain d Quaternary Involving two or more polypeptide chain ex Hemoglobin Anitbodies 2 Know the different functions of proteins in the body be able to give examples a Enzymes catalyst b Hormones Chemical Messanger c Structural Proteins i Contractile proteins muscle actin myosin ii Fibrous proteins collagen cartilage hair bone d Cell Membrane Proteins i Membrane channels transporter Glucose Na transporter ii Receptors LDL Insulin Protein Digestion and Absorption 1 Know the digestive secretions related to protein digestion ie gastrin HCL pepsinogen a Gastrin stimulated by thought of food produces HCl b HCl produced by parietal cells i Denatures protein ii Converts pepsinogen to pepsin c Pepsinogen secreted into lumen of stomach by gastric chief cells d Pepsin cleaves proteins at Leu and aromatic residues Met dicarboxylic 2 Describe the duodenal digestion of polypeptides know enzymes what stimulates them a Chyme Enters duodenum b Secretin secreted by intestinal mucosa i Stimulates pancreatic acinar cells ii Trypsinogen secretion c CCK secreted by mucosa i Stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate ii Stimulates intestinal production of enterokianse d Trypsin i activates pancreatic endopeptidases 1 Trypsinogen Trypsin 2 Protelastase Elastase 3 Chymotrypsinogen Chymotrypsin ii Activates pancreatic exopeptidases e Enzymes i Trypsin basic amino acids ii Elastase aliphatics iii Chymotrypsin aromatics iv Carboxy A Aromatic and Aliphatic v Carboxy B Basic 1 Procarboypeptidase A B Carboxypeptidase A B f Digestive Products free amino acids some di tripeptides and oligopeptides 3 Know the difference between endogenous and exogenous proteins a Endogenous Proteins Protein present within the human body for metabolism formed in body b Exogenous Proteins Proteins that come from outside the body ingested via diet 4 Understand mechanisms by which amino acids are taken up at the brush border a Absorption of endogenous and exogenous proteins occur i Mostly sodium dependent transport some sodium independent ii Competition for transport fastest to slowest 1 BCAA before small AA 2 Neutral before acidic basic 3 Essential before non essential 4 2 dicarboxylic amino acids Glu Asp 5 Peptides are absorbed quicker than free AA Amino Acid Metabolism 1 Know the four processes by which amino acids are degraded Give the function and an example of each a Decarboxylation removal of carboxyl group b Side Chain Cleavage removal of R chain c Deamination removal of amino group NH3 d Transamination movement of amino group NH3 from one molecule to another i Formation of non essential amino acids 2 Know which amino acids are glucogenic ketogenic and keto glucogenic a Glucongenic converted to pyruvate and krebs intermediates i Ala Gly Cys Ser Asp Asn Glu Gln Arg Met Val His Pro b Ketogenic converted to acetyl CoA and acetoacetone i Lys Leu c Both Ketogenic and Glucogenic i Phe Ile Thr Trp Tyr 3 Be able to explain what makes an amino acid gluco or ketogenic or both a Glucongenic Amino acids that can be converted to Glucose b Ketogenic Amino Acids that can be converted to keto bodies 4 Know the metabolism of branched chain amino acids as discussed in class a See 4 in Organ Specific AA Metabolism 5 Understand the glucose alanine cycle a Production of Glucose from Alanine formed from muscle with production of lactate in the liver b Removes Nitrogen from muscle to liver urea c Urea Cycle 1 Know the relationship between the Krebs and the urea cycle be able to draw these pathways a 2 Understand the regulation of CPS I including N AcetylGlutamate and glutamate a CPS I carbamoyl phosphate synthase I rate limiting enzyme forms monomer active or dimer makes Carbamoyl Phosphate i Allosterically non active site regulated by N AcetylGlutamate 1 Acetyl Coa Glutamine N AcetylGlutamate 2 Splits dimers into monomers 3 Know the relationship between dietary protein and the urea cycle a High Protein Diet increase of Urea Cycle and production of Urea Cycle Enzymes Organ Specific AA Metabolism 1 know the role of the liver in amino acid metabolism a site of storage metabolism of amino acids b gluconeogenesis glucose alanine cycle c Urea Synthesis excretion of nitrogen 2 Understand the relationship between liver enzymes and liver functioning tests a AST ALT indicators of liver fxn increase in transamination enzyme liver malfuction b Arginase Urea Cycle c Phenylalanine Hydroxylase converts Phenylalanine to Tyrosine i Tyrosine melanin neurotransmitter synthesis fumarate acetoacetate thyroid hormone 3 What is PKU what are the symptoms both physical and neurological and how do we treat it a Phenylketonuria PKU body is unable to breakdown phenylalanine genetic i Symptoms irritable and have an eczema type rash ii Treatment Low phenylalanine diet and Tyrosine supplementation 4 Understand branched chain aa metabolism and why it occurs predominately in the muscle a Branched Chain AA BCAA Valine Leucine Isoleucine i BCAA Transferase High activity in muscle some activity in kidney adipose and brain 1
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