Cardiovascular diseases and disorders blood circulation controllable and uncontrollable risk factors discuss the major cardiovascular disease pulmonary circulation circulation of blood between the heart and lungs controlled by right side of the heart systemic circulation circulation of blood between the heart and rest of the body controlled by left side of the heart atrium pl atria upper chambers of the heart ventricle lower chambers of the heart vena cava pl venae cavae large veins through which blood is returned to right atrium aorta body s largest artery receives blood from left ventricle and distributes to the body systole contraction phase of the heart blood leaves the heart BP increase top number in BP reading diastole relaxation phase of the heart blood enters the heart BP decrease bottom number in BP vein carries blood to the heart deoxygenated blood in systemic circulation oxygenated blood in pulmonary thinner walls artery carries blood away from the heart oxygenated blood in systemic circulation deoxygenated blood in pulmonary thicker elastic walls that expand relax with the volume of blood coronary artery system of arteries branching from the aorta that supplies blood to the heart muscle capillaries tiny vessels only one cell thick deliver oxygen and nutrient rich blood to the tissues and pick up oxygen poor waste laden blood for return platelets cells in the blood that are necessary for formation of blood clots low density lipoprotein LDL contains a moderate amount of protein and a large amount of cholesterol which tends to become deposited on artery walls increasing the risk of CVD considered bad cholesterol high density lipoprotein HDL contains relatively little cholesterol that helps transport cholesterol out of the arteries protecting against CVD considered good cholesterol hypertrophy abnormal enlargement of an organ angina pectoris pain in the chest and often in left arm and shoulder usually brought on by exercise or stress caused by heart muscle not receiving enough blood arrhythmia a change in the heartbeat s normal pattern sudden cardiac death a nontraumatic unexpected death from sudden cardiac arrest most often due to arrhythmia most victims have underlying heart disease stroke impeded blood supply to some part of the brain resulting in destruction of brain cells also referred to as a cerebrovascular accident ischemic stroke caused by obstruction of a blood vessel by a clot hemorrhagic stroke caused by rupture of a blood vessel thrombus blood clot in a blood vessel that remains at location of formation formation of deep vein thrombosis o http www youtube com watch v eK5MeJuUQbs embolus blood clot that breaks away from place of origin and travels through the bloodstream aneurysm a sac or blood filled pocket that bulges out of the artery wall due to weakness in the wall of the vessel transient ischemic attack TIA a small stroke a temporary interruption of blood supply to the brain causing numbness or difficulty with speech atherosclerosis a form of CVD in which the inner layers of artery walls are made thick and irregular by plaque deposits arteries become clogged and narrow reducing blood supply heart surgery for atherosclerosis o http www youtube com watch v SGjHjdEY0vA PATH OF BLOOD FLOW venae cavae deoxygenated blood returning to heart from body right atrium right ventricle pulmonary artery o to the lungs pulmonary veins left atrium left ventricle aorta oxygenated blood leaves heart to rest of body CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE CVD leading cause of death in the U S o stroke is 4th affects more than 81 million Americans claims one life every 38 sec nearly 2300 Americans every day high rate of CVD is primarily caused by people s lifestyle RISK FACTORS Major risk factors that CAN be changed tobacco use 1 preventable cause of CVD high BP hypertension unhealthy blood cholesterol levels hyperlipidemia physical inactivity sedentary lifestyle high BMI obesity diabetes TOBACCO USE smoking increases risk and severity of heart attack o a pack a day 2X the risk o 2 packs a day 3X the risk o heart attack victims who smoke 2 3X more likely to die o doubles the risk of stroke harmful effects of smoking on the CV system o damages the lining of arteries o lowers HDL raises LDL and triglycerides o nicotine increases BP and HR o CO displaces O2 o causes platelets to become sticky leading to clotting o speeds the development of fatty deposits in the arteries can also affect those exposed to 2nd hand smoke o environmental tobacco smoke ETS exposure increases the risk of developing heart disease up to 30 nonsmokers die from heart disease each year as a o 46000 result of exposure to ETS HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE both a risk factor for many forms of CVD and is itself considered the most prevalent form of CVD health risk o short periods of high BP is normal but chronically high BP is a hypertension too much pressure against arterial walls o primary essential hypertension 90 of the cases cause is unknown due to a mixture of factors o secondary hypertension remaining 10 caused by an underlying illness causes o increased output of blood by the heart o increased resistance to blood flow in the arteries constriction of smooth muscle atherosclerosis prevalence o 33 of Americans have high BP 22 of them aren t aware of their condition o African Am have highest rate of hypertension 41 often more severe more resistant to treatment more likely to be fatal at an early age category goes by the higher of the two s HIGH CHOLESTEROL bloodstream cholesterol fatty wax like substance that circulates through the o important component of cell membranes hormones fluid that coats the lungs protective sheaths around nerves etc excessive cholesterol clogs the arteries increased risk of CVD good vs bad o LDL bad shuttles cholesterol from the liver to the organs and tissues excess accumulates in the blood vessels o HDL good shuttles unused excess cholesterol back to the liver for recycling PHYSICAL INACTIVITY 40 60 million Americans are so sedentary that they are at high risk for developing CVD exercise magic bullet against heart disease o decreases BP and resting HR o increases HDL levels o maintains desirable weight o improves the condition of blood vessels o prevents or controls diabetes o decreases platelet aggregation A minimum of 30 min a day of moderate physical activity is recommended for those attempting to manage weight prevent weight gain or maintain weight loss 60 90 min a day is recommended OBESITY risk