FMSC 280 Reading Guide for Exam 3 Jacobsen Chapter 9 Control of Infectious Diseases 1 What are the 5 modes of transmission for communicable diseases Direct transmission person to person occurs when a susceptible person touches an infectious person Airborne transmission occurs when pathogens are in the air and people breath the air Infection transmission Fecal oral transmission Vertical transmission or MTC passed through mother to child 2 What are the stages in the natural history of a disease Infection occurs Disease could be detected through testing Symptoms of disease develop Symptoms resolve or the infected person dies 3 What is the role of the immune system in the natural history of disease The immune system will fight off most infections even if they are left untreated and once symptoms begin most people with severe illness will seek medical treatment 4 What is the meaning of the following terms Portal of entry mouth eyes nose or any other part of direct entrance Reservoir environmental home for an infectious disease agent Cycle of infection how an infectious agent cycles between different species Intermediate host a host which is normally used by a parasite in the course of its life cycle in which it may multiple asexually but not sexually Secondary attack rate average number of other people that one contagious person infects Incubation period the period between infection of an individual by a pathogen and the manifestation of the illness or disease it causes 5 What type of agent bacteria virus protozoa fungus parasite causes each of the following infectious diseases Guinea worm disease NTD Measles E Coli Schistosomiasis NTD Tuberculosis bacteria Malaria Protozoa Lyme disease Bacteria Polio Influenza Virus 6 What is a vector Mosquitoes or ticks that cause vector borne infections Malaria Lyme disease and dengue fever are all transmitted through bites 7 What is KAP and what does it mean in terms of healthy behaviors Knowledge attitudes and practices Once individuals understand why a behavior is healthy and believe that it is worth the effort to make change it is easier for them to chose to engage in the behavior 8 What does the term surveillance mean in the context of communicable disease What is sentinel surveillance 1 Track infectious disease reports from hospitals and other information Sentinel surveillance sources to look for possible outbreaks or clusters of a disease information from continuous monitoring at selected sentinel sites is used to alert public health officials to possible changes in the health community 9 What is the difference between the elimination of a communicable disease and eradication of a communicable disease Elimination Eradication the absence of immunization or other measures remove all risk of new infections no risk of infection or disease anywhere in the world even in 10 Define endemic epidemic and pandemic always present in a population when a disease is occurring more often than usual and there Endemic Epidemic are more than few sporadic occurrences worldwide epidemic flu Pandemic Jacobsen ch 10 Global Infectious Disease Initiatives 1 What does AIDS stand for Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 2 What is the difference between HIV and AIDS At what point does HIV become AIDS HIV is through blood transfusions destroys white blood cells and AIDS occurs as a result of the destruction of immune system cells by the HIV virus AIDS is a syndrome person is infected with HIV and the infections causes AIDS to develop 3 What is an antiretroviral Drugs to keep viral count low and to slow the progression of symptoms give post exposure immediately after a known exposure 4 What is HAART and what do the letters in HAART stand for Highly active antiretroviral therapy Combination of several types of drugs including reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors 5 What is an opportunistic infection Only occur when they body s immune system is weakened enough to give the infectious agents an opportunity to invade 6 What are universal precautions Wearing gloves when caring for sick people or cleaning up a spill Workers are trained to use this 7 Can HIV be transmitted from a mother to her infant in breast milk Yes HIV is excreted in breast milk and the risk of HIV is higher Women with HIV infection are encouraged to use formula 8 What is the difference between latent and active tuberculosis Latent Active TB infection TB disease 9 What is the relationship between AIDS and TB 2 Diagnosis of TB may be accompanied by a diagnosis of AIDS 10 What is DOTS and what do the letters stand for Directly observed therapy short course TB patients are required to have trained observers watch them take their pills every day 11 Why is antibiotic resistant bacteria a problem in TB treatment Antibiotic resistance threatens the effective prevention and treatment of an ever increasing range of infections 12 What causes malaria Parasitic infection caused by protozoa of the plasmodium species 13 Who is most at risk for severe complications and death from malaria Children and pregnant women Jacobsen Ch 7 The Global Impact of Non Communicable Disease 1 What is a non communicable disease Why are they often called chronic diseases What causes them Non communicable is a medical condition or disease is non infectious and non transmissible among people May be chronic diseases or long duration or slow progression or result in rapid death use of alcohol raised blood pressure overweight Tobaccos use physical inactivity unhealthy diet and the harmful Causes 2 What is the most significant predictor of cardiovascular disease What are some modifiable risk factors for CVD Predictor Increasing age Modifiable risk Tobaccos use physical inactivity obesity unhealthy diet consumption of excessive amounts of alcohol unmanaged diabetes unhealthy blood lipid profile 3 What are some modifiable risk factors for cancer Tobaccos use excessive alcohol consumption physical inactivity and unhealthy diet 4 The proportion of people who live in high income countries who develop cancer is much higher than the proportion in low and middle income countries Why Cancer is more common in older adults and more people in high income countries teach older ages So many more people live in developing than industrialized countries the number of cancer deaths in low middle income countries is higher than high incomes 5 The number of deaths due to cancer in low and middle income countries is higher than in high income