Principles of Design Exam 3 Review Fall 2013 Chapters 9 12 Chapter 9 Pattern and Texture Source Where design motif s arise Know the four sources of motif s Natural Natural objects as a source originate in nature such as flowers leaves waves snowflakes animal prints etc They lend themselves easily to pattern Man made Represent those that are familiar as a result of experience such as teapots lipsticks beach balls golf clubs and bird houses They carry a special significance Imagination Represent a cross sensory interpretation and often originate from geo metric forms Symbolism Refers to motifs that represent a non concrete idea such as a political movement religion organization flags Logos are also considered symbolism Realistic the motifs have their true colors highlights and shadows Stylized the motif remains recognizable but it is simplified flattened distorted changes in color or edged in line Interpretation How the source is presented or interpreted by the artist the four interpretation types Naturalistic Objects appear as they actually are Cartoons can be a natural source as well Stylized Natural or man made objects that have been distorted in some way The ob ject is still recognizable Abstract Non representational source is imagination Geometric Stems from imagination and portrays no objects For example dots stripes plaids chevrons etc Arrangement The distribution of the motif Know the six arrangements discussed in class 1 All over Arrangements give the same effect from any angle the eye moves auto matically from motif to motif 2 1 way only one direction realistic presentations unbalanced plaids 3 2 way has the same effect when turned 180 degrees example stripes 4 4 way give the same effect from four directions or 90 degree turns 5 Border motifs place along the edge 6 Spaced Arrangements self contained compositions There are four determinants of texture 1 Mirco Basic Fiber Content 2 Composite Yarn Structure 3 Macro Fabric Structure 4 Finishes Texture can present itself 3 ways in fashion 1 Transparent 2 Translucent 3 Opaque Chapter 10 and 11 Illusions Kinds of learning and ways of learning Physical base physiology of eye nerves and brain Learned base experience leads to assumptions and expectations 2 major types of illusions example in a graphic image Static Consist of Five types 1 Geometric Illusions occur when lines space or shape are misinterpreted A Carpentered illusory lengths widths or distortions B Size and Space Illusion The eye incorrectly estimates distances or sizes where comparable images are place close together Titchener and Lipps Circles 2 Depth and Distance Illusions We interpret flat im ages as 3 dimensional objects A Foreshortening a change in perspective and size as we view objects from greater distances C Directional Illusion Strong directional feeling within a figure is attributed to the whole figure B Ambiguous figures figure ground reversal or spontaneous change of position 3 After Images Images we see after we have been looking at a stimulus long enough to tire the retina then look away and see the same thing but positive is replaced with negative 4 Irradiation The light area is diffused beyond the actual shape 5 Exaggeration of differences color with opposing hues or values intensifies when placed next to each other increases each others apparent differences Autokinetic Self moving illusion that appears to flicker undulate waver or otherwise move They can be very distracting images Chapter 12 Value Light Definitions Light The electromagnetic energy making things visible the radian energy re sulting form vibration of electrons Wavelength The distance between the peak of one wave and the next Frequency Refers to the speed of the wave vibrations Perception We physically perceive light by viewing a light source light bulb candle sun light or a secondary light source modifiers such as sunglasses windows reflections reflectors of light and this light is encoded by our eyes or receivers en coders and then is interpreted by our brain Lighting also facilitates visual perception of products and environments i e sterile lighting versus mood lighting candle light Psychological Effect Lightness vs Darkness We refer to darkness as the absence of light or the dark ages Reaction of surfaces light and temperatures types of light Specular reflection when light bounces off of a flat smooth surface such as satin or a mirror Diffuse reflection when light bounces off of a rough wavy or uneven surface such as flannel asphalt or carpeting reflect absorb admit There are three reactions of light 1 2 3 Light bounces off light colored surfaces Dark colored surfaces absorb more light rays which are transformed into heat Candle light and fire light are warm lights and contain more red orange and yellow which makes these colors brighter Selective absorption is when surface pigments absorb all the color wavelengths except the one that is reflected to the eye If a balanced white light strikes a surface with no color than all wavelengths are reflected and we see white If the surface contains no wavelengths then we see black Shadows are created by the absence of light and define space and spatial relationships as well as create a mood Principles 3 Types of principles Linear Directional leads the eye from one place to another Highlighting occur only at a given point focusing attention Synthesizing leads the eye around the composition relating and integrating Repetition linear principle use of something more than once the simplest and most fundamental principle the use of similar or connected pictorial elements regular repetition spaces all repeat identically and strengthens the direction of repeats It is the principle in which the eye seeks similarities through repetition Irregular repetition varies the spacing between repeats weakening the direction Parallelism linear principle usually very easy to identify and is found in architectural and interior design The space between any two lines must be even but space between sets of parallel lines can vary It applies to line space and shape Curved lines can be parallel The fewer the lines the stronger the direction the more the parallel lines the weaker the direction Alternation linear principle A repeated sequence of only two things changing back and forth in the same order All elements can be used Sequence linear principle the following of differing things one after the other in a par ticular order It is not a sequence until it is