METABOLISM FINAL EXAM Carbohydrates I 1 Major source of fuel in average duet and about half of the intake in form of polysaccharides starches and dextrins simple sugars sucrose lactose fructose B Chemical Structure 1 Simple a Glyceraldehyde b 2 Complex a Glycogen 6 carbon units strung together 100s of GLU units b C Monosaccahrides based on of carbons 3 triose Glycrealdihyde 4 tetrise 5 pentose ex RIBOSE prod DNA ATP made from hexose 6 hexose GLU galactose fructose BASICALLY WHAT WE EAT 7 heptose a Glucose most abundant monosaccharide dictates blood sugar levels basic D Dietary Monosaccharides pentagonal shape fructose b c d 1 Types E Disaccharides 2 formed from condensation reaction of two monosaccharides a GLU GLU Maltose 1 Has a distinct malt flavor malt shakes used in processed foods b GLU FRU Sucrose table sugar c GLU GALACTOSE Lactose milk d high fructose corn syrup a Cane sugar beet sugar b Table sugar processed foods 1 50 glucose 50 fructose sucrose brown white sugar raw allsame 2 45 glucose 55 fructose high fructose corn syrup a not a disacc because it is two monosacc BUT NEEDS SOLUTION to combine F Oligosaccharides more than 2 b w 3 10 1 Linked by aplha 1 4 or beta 1 4 glycosidic same bond between GLU and GLU to make maltose GLU FRUC to make sucrose etc 2 Most Beta 1 4 linkages are not digestible a Found in beans peas whole bran b Unable to enzymatically digested but bacterial in gut can FERMENT produces gas them c Raffinose gal gal fruc d Stachyose gal gal glu fruc G Polysaccharides bigger than 10 1 Starch a Storage form of carbohydrates found in plants b There are two kinds 1 Amylose found in this form 10 20 of the time 2 All glucose linked by alpha 1 4 bonds 3 Linear molecule 4 Amylopectin 80 90 basically same as gly But smaller 5 Branched chain polymer a Alpha 1 4 long straight chains b Beta 1 6 branches 2 Glycogen a Storage form of carbs for animals us 1 Liver biggest single storage 2 Muscle overall largest storage 3 think the liver is the biggest single place but muscle is spread out but combined is bigger than liver b Highly branched c Energy source think carb loading is simply inc Energy stores d Glycogenolysis think breaking off glucose molecules from a big ol glycogen molecule 3 Fiber a Non digestible again no enzymes can do it need bacteria to FERMENT plant polysacc b Beta 1 4 glycosidic linkages c Anticarcinogenic properties d Negative correlation b w mortality rates heart disease meaning that the more ber the lower the ber rate etc e According to USDA 1 Dietary ber found intact in beans etc 2 Functional ber added to founds Ex ber in yogurt has been added 3 High ber bread has BOTH types because it has the dietary that is found in the bread naturally and functional ber added to make it high ber bread f Types 1 Insoluble DRIVE FAST a Decreases transit time b Increases fecal bulk c Ex lignans celluloses hemicelluloses 2 Soluble DRIVE SLOW a Increases transit time b Ex pectins gums some hemicelluloses c notice hemicelluloses can be both soluble and insoluble d Sometimes pectin can make fecal bulkier as well 3 Depends on where it CAN soluble dissolve in water or it CANNOT insoluble nothing to do with enzymes 4 Fermented by bacteria in the large intestine produces hydrogen methane gas CO2 and short chain fatty acids 5 The ber that is no converted to short chain fatty acids are excreted 6 Soluble carry more bile cholesterol g Sources 1 Fruits veggies whole grains h Made from Short chain fatty acids acetic butyric propionic acids 3 carbon i Increases water reabsorption keeps you hydrated no diarrhea ii Provides cells lining the colon with energy iii Enhances immune function stim Immune cells good bacteria prod iv Reduces atrophy of the gut 1 Prevents cepsis which is when bacteria from the gut translocates leads to diarrhea etc v Decreases cholesterol levels 1 Decreases pH of gut so less bile is reabsorped and bile is made from cholesterol for the less we absorb the lower the levels 2 Inhibits cholesterol synthesis in the liver not as signi cant as 1 3 H Digestion of Carbohydrates 1 Begins in the mouth 2 Salivary enzymes produce salivary amylase incomplete because not only 1 6 not being broken but food not held long enough in mouth to break down all the 1 4 bonds a Digests alpha 1 4 bonds straight chain b Does not break down alpha 1 6 branched these will be brkn down at the small intestine 3 Amylose digestion 4 Branched starches I Stomach not much with carbohydrate digestion 1 HCL inactivates salivary amylase 2 any enzymes that hit the stomach are denatured and loose function J Small Intestine 1 Pancreatic Secretions a Bicarbonate b Pancreatic amylase 2 Brush Border enzymes secreted from enterocyte work along brush border a Sucrase breaks sucrose glucose fructose b Lactase lactose glucose galactose c Maltase maltose glucose glucose d know difference between lactose intolerance and milk allergies lactose intolerance means they don t make enough lactase milk allergy is 2 proteins in the milk cause a immune response in individual know difference e NOW WE GOTTA GET TO THE ENTEROCYTE K Absorption and Transport 1 the small intestine 2 Mechanisms of transport a Passive diffusion of solute through membrane 1 No energy required 2 Limited by concentration gradient this means that it must go from high to low concentration so once it is equal solute no longer diffuses so therefore the concentration gradient limits diffusion b Facilitated diffusion needs a helper protein facilitated 1 Needs a carrier protein a Integral membrane protein i Functions as a transporter b Limited by the i Concentration gradient ii Amount of carrier protein available think as doorways iii Rapidly of solute carrier interaction example door at bone sh that spins around how fast or slow you can enter the door iv Rapidly of con rmation of carrier protein this is how long it takes for door to re open how fast the carrier protein can be reactivated after being used c Active transport paying to get in door think club 1 Needs a carrier protein 2 Requires energy ATP because pumping against concentration gradient example Na K pump L Glucose Absorption M GLUCOSE ACTIVE TRANSPORT 1 Glucose a Sodium dependent b Transporter sglt1 c To maintain concentration gradient Na must be pumped out of cell d Glucose enters hepatic portal system e Enterocyte capillaries portal system gut liver sys liver other tissues 2 Galactose 3 Fructose a Same as glucose b Can be converted to glucose to meet needs of enterocyte a Facilitated
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