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Metabolism Exam 3 Lipids 1 1 Know the concepts surrounding fatty acids saturation cis versus trans configurations nomenclature chain length essentiality First off fatty acids are merely a methyl group CH3 a long repeating chain of carbons and a carboxcylic acid COOH group This carbon chain can be from anywhere to four carbons up to 24 and this will determine the type of fatty acid that it is Once the chain is longer than 14 carbons this is usually the cut off for when the fatty acid is nutritionally important This chain is made up of repeating carbons and if there are not any double bonds between each consecutive carbon it will have hydrogens attached If there are no double bonds between any of the carbons then that will mean that each carbon will have 2 hydrogens it will be saturated with hydrogens This is what we call a saturated fat and these the fats that are linked to coronary heart disease Some examples that you should know for the test are coconut oil butter and load Monounsaturated will have one thus the word mono double bond in the carbon chain Likewise polyunsaturated will have more than one double bond Examples of monounsaturated are olive oil canola oil and peanut oil Polyunsaturated examples are sunflower oil corn oil soybean oil and cottonseed oil No idea that that last one was an oil Now if you look at a saturated carbon remember that it has 2 hydrogens attached these hydrogens can be on the same side called cis or on the opposite side called trans Trans fatty acids are the fats that people should avoid at all times Now the reason that saturated fats are used yet they are horrible for our body is because the more saturated a fat is the longer its shelf life is Companies have a technique called hydrogenation where they add carbons to a fatty acid to make it saturated This will preserve the food item longer on the shelf and make it stay Tony Berardi 2 fresh looking longer This is what why processed foods takes years to spoil Fun side fact For the nomenclature follow this method and you will easily name any fatty acid First count how many carbons are in the fatty acid including the carbon in the methyl and carboxy group This is your base name Then count the number of double bonds And note where the first or all the double bonds are Then depending on what side of the chain you started counting the double bonds this is how it is named the methyl is the omega referred to as n or w and the carboxy is the alpha end referred to as Then once you pick an end to count from the first double bond is noted if from the n side and if you name it from the side you put down every double bond location So an example What does the name 20 3n 8 mean The 20 is how many carbons there are The 3 is the number of double bonds and the n refers to the fact that it is being named from the methyl end so the 8 is what carbon the first double bond is at How about 20 3 6 9 12 20 is the number of carbons 3 is the number of double bonds then the signifies that we are counting from the carboxy end so the 6 9 and 12 is where the double bonds are at the respective carbons So there are two ways to name a fatty acid depending from which end you start at Those two names are of the same fatty acid Lastly the body lacks the enzyme to create bonds after the ninth carbon from the end so since we cannot make these fatty acids what do you think they are called Essential fatty acids There are two of them and they are called linoleic 18 2n 6 18 2 9 12 or omega 6 and linolenic acid 18 3n 3 18 3 6 9 12 or omega 3 In the body these fatty acids are metabolized to something called eicosanoids and these modulate blood pressure platelet aggregation the immune system the nervous system and smooth muscle contraction So pretty important roles 2 Be able to name fatty acids Tony Berardi 3 Simply follow that pattern above and you will be naming any fatty acid you want They also have the scientific names but who cares for this class Let s decipher the essential fatty acids to make sure we got it Linoleic acid or omega 6 is 18 2 9 12 So this means that there are 18 carbons and 2 double bonds The double bonds are counted from the carboxy end and they appear on the ninth and twelfth carbon Alternatively you can name it as 18 2n 3 so 18 carbons 2 double bonds and named from the methyl end so the first double bond is at the third And for linolenic acid or omega six we have 18 3 6 9 12 18 carbons 3 double bonds and counting from the carboxy end they are at the sixth ninth and the twelfth carbon Or 18 3n 6 Counting from the methyl end the first double bond is at carbon the sixth position So now you can name any fatty acid and will not miss these questions on the test The only trick might be when she throws in w instead of n It s the same thing just a different name for the same thing 3 Know the functions and examples of eicosanoids sterols and phospholipids This question will go over why fatty acids are essential for the body and how a diet with absolutely no fat is a horrible idea First you have those essential fatty acid linoleic omega 6 and linolenic acid omega 3 are metabolized to the eicosanoids which regulate a whole host of events These function in the cell that they are metabolized in This are divided into the prostacyclins the thromboxanes and the leukotriens You will need to know the function of each for the exam So prostacyclins act on the endothelium as vasodilators and platelet anti aggregation break up platelets thromboxanes act on the platelets to help them aggregate over an injury and as a vasoconstrictor and the leukotrienes act on the leukocytes so they help lower inflammation and help the vascular beds contract There is another class called the Tony Berardi 4 prostaglandins that act on any endothelium in many cells to contract or relax the smooth muscle o Now for how they are metabolized in the body Say you have a linoleic acid omega 6 hanging around This reacts with an enzyme called 6 desaturase very easy to remember because all it does is add a double bond at the sixth carbon from the carboxy end so now there are three double bonds This product acts with elongase just like the name says it elongates the chain So adds two carbons so now the fatty acids has 20 carbons This then acts with 5 desaturase to add another double bond This fatty …


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FSU HUN 3224 - Exam 3

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