Geo Lab Exam 2 Study Guide:Lab 1: Paleontology and Fossil Preservation- Understand what constitutes a fossil and what factors contribute to fossilization.o Environmento Hard and soft partso Abundant o Remains or evidence of once-living organisms preserved in rocko Defined as exceeding 10,000 yearso Organic remains may be preserved if decay process is stopped or slowed downo Naturally made- Be able to identify different modes of fossil preservation and list examples of each. o Unaltered: both soft and hard parts remain intact (insect stuck in amber, frozen organism)o Mold: impression in sediments of a body or skeleton (all parts dissolved away)o Cast: mineral fillings of molds that create a 3D replica of original organisms.o Carbonization: thin dark colored carbon film residue of remains outlined on rock (fish, plants, or insects)o Replacement: molecules of decaying organic remains replaced by groundwater solution molecule; occurs in low oxygen environments (CaCO3 shell replaced by mineral pyrite)o Recrystallization: original crystalline structure transforms into a new form; chemical composition unchanged (changed from aragonite or calcite to a more stable calcite form of CaCO3) o Permineralization: solution material fills empty pores spaces (fossil wood and bones)- Know the difference between trace and body fossils and list examples of each. o Trace: evidence of ancient organisms’ actions or behaviors (footprint, stomach stone for grinding food, burrow, coprolite, nest, signs of predation (bite mark))o Body: evidence of ancient organisms’ body parts (skeleton)- Understand preservation potential and how to identify it for various organisms. o The likelihood that an organism will be preservedo Organisms with many hard parts=high preservation potentialo Organisms with many soft parts=low preservation potential- Know key characteristics of organisms in each of the main invertebrate phyla. - Be able to provide examples of organisms in each of the main invertebrate phyla. Geo Lab Exam 2 Study Guide:Lab 2: Depositional Environments and Geologic Time Scale- Depositional Environments o Indicators used for recognizing paleoenvironments (e.g., cross-bedding)  Bedding: shows increased sedimentation (high river flows/floods, strong winds in deserts, tides in coastal settings, annual freeze/thaw cycles in sub-arctic lakes)  Cross-bedding: sediment piles reach unstable heights, grains fall down the side, reoccurrence over time yields adjacent thin parallel layers (cross-bedded laminae), form at an angle to the horizontal main bed=moving water Graded bedding: coarser (larger) sediments grains at the bottom, grading up to finer (smaller) sediments grains at the top of the bed (e.g., underwater slopes falls) Mud cracks, wave ripples, broken shells or shell concentrations, varves (layers of sediments that accumulate yearly; common in cold areas due to water freezing/thawing)o Identifying paleoenvironments using such indicators including fossils  138-139 in lab manual- Geologic Time Scaleo Order of eras and ages  Precambrian 4.5 billion years ago – 550 million years ago Start of solar system Tectonic plates begin to form and move Later – soft bodied creatures similar to sponges, jellyfish, and flatworms  Paleozoic “Age of Fish”  543 million years ago – 248 million years ago “Old Life” Early – modern marine life Middle – plants are established Pangaea forms End – Permian mass extinction  Mesozoic  “Age of Reptiles”  248 million years ago – 650 million years ago “Middle Life” Dinosaurs Early – true mammals Middle – break up of Pangaea  End – Meteorite impact Cenozoic “Recent Life” 65 million years ago – Nowo Characteristic fossils and animals for each erao Key geologic changes (mountain building)  Cambrian Explosion Marks start of Paleozoic Ear Huge increase in organism with hard parts End of Paleozoic: Permian Mass Extinction  Most severe in Earth’s history More than 90% of all mammals species and 70% of land animals became extinct End of Mesozoic: Meteorite Impact Cause a mass extinction; dinosaurs and more wiped out at the end of the era Geo Lab Exam 2 Study Guide:Lab 3: Georgia’s Geology through Time- Four eras of geologic timeo Precambrian 4.5 billion years ago -550 million years ago First signs of life- single celled organism( stromatolites: algal mats) Later on more complex organisms appear (soft bodied creatures like jellyfish and flatworms CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION (marks start of Paleozoic) increase of organisms with hard partso Paleozoic 543 million years ago-248 million years ago Plants on land Abundant coal age Super continent Pangaea forms ( south cold north hot) Africa collides with north America and forms APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS PERMIAN MASS EXTINCTION(MOST SEVERE IN HISTORY) 90% of marine and 70% of land animals extinct (trilobites and Tabulate and horn coralso Mesozoic 248 million yrs-65 million years ago “middle life” Tropical warm climate with dinosaurs Breaking up of Pangaea K/T METEORITE IMPACT causes mass extinctiono Cenozoic-65 million years ago-now “recent life” Cool climates Continental collisions- India slowly collides with Asia (starts Himalayas) Alps rise when Italy pushes into Europe Ice age last 100,000 years and ended 10,000 years ago 1st appearance of dolphins and whales Development of modern humans- What are Geologic Maps?o Show age, rock type, distribution, and geologic history of certain areas- Georgia’s 4 provinceso Valley and Ridge- Northwest GA- folded Paleozoic sedimentary socks(sedimentary rocks were pushed over each other)o Blue Ridge- Northeast GA- Precambrian and Paleozoic metamorphic and igneous rocks (lessintense metamorphism and thrusting)o Piedmont-Central North GA- Precambrian and Paleozoic metamorphic and igneous rocks (metamorphic and igneous rocks made by intense metamorphism and melting deeper in the earth)o Coastal Plain- Southeast GA- Late Mesozoic (cretaceous) and younger sedimentary rocks ( deposition and accumulation of sediments on the new margin)- Why does Georgia have different provinces? o Each part formed during different eras and events- In which province is Georgia State located?o PIEDMONT- Be able to name and locate on a map- Identify key geologic features/landforms located in each province.o Cloudland canyon state park and