Biopsychology Study Guide for Exam 1 Chapter 1: Biological Psychology Introduction LOOK AT SLIDES AGAIN!- What is biological psychology?- Combines biology and psychology Biology is the study of life Psychology is the study of the mind- “The study of the physiological, evolutionary, and developmentalmechanisms of behavior and experience” o A natural science- The scientific method - Generate a hypothesis Test the hypothesis - If the hypothesis is supported, test again o If the hypothesis is rejected, generate a new hypothesis - Holistic and reductionist approaches - Holistic Holistic: Looking at the whole picture. - Reductionist Reductionism: reducing a phenomenon to its component parts - The good: allows a description of the mechanism underlying aphenomenon - The bad: may cause someone to lose the track of the “big picture”. o Necessary for scientific progress Necessary to the establishment of evolution - Tinbergen’s four questions - Behavioral research questions Physiological: How are motor activities activated?- The chemistry of the body and its influence on behavior o Proximate mechanisms Describes “here and now” Ontogenetic: How does an animal’s behavior change throughout it’s life?- Development o Proximate mechanisms Describes “here and now” Function: How does a behavior promote survival and reproduction?- Adaption o Ultimate evolutionary mechanisms Describes “why” in geological time Phylogeny: how does an animal’s behavior compare with other species? - Origins of behavioro Ultimate evolutionary mechanisms Describes “why” in a geological time.Chapter 2: Evolutionary Theory - What is scientific theory?- A theory is a general principle supported by substantial evidence offered toprovide an explanation of observed facts and as a basis for future discussions orinvestigations. Not the same as the rigorous, scientific definition. - Evolution - Change over time. - Evidence form medicine, genetics, fossils and biogeography speaks to the realityof evolution. - Microevolution - Short term changes within a population Has been observed - Macroevolution - Long term changes and the appearance of new species. Has withstood repeated testing - Historical figures important in the development of evolutionary theory (KNOW MAJORCONTRIBUTIONS) - 1. Archbishop James Ussher Used the old testament to determine the exact time of the creation - 2. William Paley Natural Theology Found predictions in nature evidence of design - Evolutionary adaption - 3. Anaximander The first evolutionist Life arose in water. Humans arose from fish like creatures. - 4. Empedocles Speculated a natural selection-like process on strange creatures in the past.- 5. Aristotle Life arranged in a scale of perfection. Discussed, but REJECTED, a natural selection like process. - 6. Zhuang Zhou Nature in perpetual flux. - 7. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi Accepted evolution, discussed variation, and kinship of nonliving matter,plants and animals. - 8. John Ray Observed that plants and animals can be grouped via their ability or non-ability to reproduce with one another. Distinguished groups through comparative anatomy. - 9. Carl Linnaeus Systema Naturae - A classification of plants and animals Standardized the use of genus and species Father of taxonomy - 10. Jean Baptiste Lamarck Accepted evolution Use and disuse - The inheritance of acquired characters to explain evolution. - 11. George Cuvier Concept of extinction to explain why fossils organisms are no longeraround Supported catastrophism, not evolution - 12. Charles Lyell Father of modern geology Proposed that slow acting forces drive geological change Uniformitarianism Deep time allowed the necessary time required for evolutionary change.- 13. Thomas Malthus Principle of Population Warned that human population increase would exhaust food supply Wallace and Darwin extended this concept of limited resources. - 14. Alfred Russel Wallace Father of biogeography - Wallace’s line separates two regions Collected animals in Amazon and Asia Describe evolution as a process driven by competition and naturalselection. - Poor family, interest in natural history - Made money from collecting specimens - Travel with Henry Walter Bates in brazil and Indonesia In a Indonesia, realized that earth will fall unequally on variable species. Lass-favored varieties will become extinct Sent ideas to Darwin Darwin had a similar idea but did not publish it. Papers were presented jointly in 1858 - 15. Charles Darwin Independently conceived the process of natural selection Wrote on the origin of species - Wealthy family, studied medicine and theology - Strong, and has a interest in natural history - 5-year journey around the world on the HMS Beagleo In south America he found fossils similar to living animals o Studied living forms to get evidence of a common ancestryo Galapagos islands, Australia and new Zealand - After the beagle, he conceive the descent with modification o Studied animal breeding, read Malthus, and wrote thespecies of origins.- 16. Thomas Henry Huxley Defended the theory of evolution by natural selection Evidence of mans place in nature - Natural selection - The path In 1858: Wallace and Darwin proposed a mechanism, natural selection, toexplain evolutionary change. They did not come up with THE theory of evolution Many early thinkers influenced them - Among individuals there is competition for resources Individuals differ from one another - Biological variation More individuals are born than survive to reproduce; among those thatlive, there is variation in how many offspring they have - Reproductive success - Fitness Individuals who possesses favorable traits are more likely to survive andreproduce Parents transmit traits to offspring Genetics in the mechanism of transmission, although neither Wallace orDarwin knew this. Slower than artificial selection Requires no guiding force other than the environment and no specific goal. In order for Natural Selection to occur:- The trait in questions must have a genetic basis - There must be genetic variation in a trait - Adaption o An evolutionary shift in response to environmental
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