Civil Rights Movement Title VII Civil Rights II I II I The Supreme Court can t enforce its rulings After the Brown v Board case the border states eliminated segregated schools The South s state legislature passed laws so if they segregate they ll lose their funding This is a massive resistance example Little Rock What happens in the deep south Orville is the governor of Arkansas and he calls in the National Guard who ensures that African Americans won t get into Little Rock High School Eisenhower the president at the time is outraged He calls in the 101st airborne who escorts those students to class This was an idea that you have to have armed troops to walk African Americans to class massive resistance Massive resistance fails and is replaced by legal segregation with informal segregation Less than 1 African Americans goes to school with whites 10 years after Brown v Board Non violent direct action boycotts and sit ins Protests ideas behind it if whites in the south refused to agree then let s take this nationally because there are different opinions and different people The March on Birmingham is an example where Connor and his police force attack un armed protestors This is a huge eye opener for the north Northern opinion shifts when John F Kennedy becomes president He takes active interest in civil rights LBJ is president after Kennedy s assassination He turns civil rights into a platform to symbolize Kennedy Johnson gets 3 things through Congress 1 Civil Rights Act of 1964 this brings an end to the Jim Crow laws This ends discrimination in public accommodations This gave attorney general national position power to sue school districts for segregation This outlaws employment discrimination 2 Voting Rights Act of 1965 3 The 24th Amendment This gives the attorney general the power to appoint voting examiners to replace local registrars This suspends literacy tests when used as a tool of discrimination This outlaws poll taxes and they are not allowed to tax people for voting II Swann v Charlotte Supreme Court OK d the plan for busing to help segregation of schools It was constitutional TITLE 7 Job Discrimination This was an effort to protect civil rights when it came to jobs It outlaws job discrimination by public and private employers Employer has at least 15 members of employees because Congress did not want to hit the mom and pop shops or family owned shops They have to get at least 15 employees before job segregation comes into play Title VII says discrimination is by race sex national origin color religion Equal Protections Clause sex should have the same level of protection as race women s argument Reed v Reed questions son or male relative why not daughter Arbitrary gender base classifications violate the Equal Protections Clause Women don t have the same protection under the law as race does Scrutiny 2 levels ladder based Strict scrutiny is based on race and national origin rights of voting Rights of speech With strict scrutiny if the court hears a case where the law distinguishes between race or national origin it tilts against the law Government has to prove they have a compelling reason for using the race or national origin They have to prove it Traditional scrutiny is rational basis Most other cases fall that have to with the Equal Protections Clause If the government has reasonable explanations then it is fine All laws discriminate example must life 300 pounds for the job The Supreme Court introduced intermediate scrutiny standard in Reed v Reed
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