Biology 210 Final Exam Review Sheet Chapter 1 1 Anatomy the study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another physiology the study of the function of body parts how they work to carry out life sustaining activities homeostasis maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in the environment Provides a dynamic state of equilibrium metabolism all chemical reactions that occur in body cells Catabolism and anabolism stimulus positive feedback 2 Be able to list the structural levels of organization from simplest to most complex Be able to explain each level a atoms b molecules c cells d tissues e organs f organ systems g organisms 3 Differentiate between negative feedback and positive feedback Be able to recognize examples of each a negative feedback most feedback mechanisms in body 95 Response reduces or shuts off original stimulus a variable changes in opposite direction of initial change examples a regulation of body temp a nervous system mechanism b regulation of blood glucose by insulin an endocrine system mechanism b positive feedback response enhances or exaggerates original stimulus may exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect Usually controls infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustment a enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin b platelet plug formation and blood clotting 4 Differentiate between visceral and parietal membranes Name the fluid found between these membranes a parietal serosa lines internal body cavity walls internal surface of the body wall b visceral serosa covers internal organs viscera covers the external surface of the organs within the cavity c these layers are separated by a slit like cavity filled with serous fluid Chapter 2 1 atom unique building blocks for each element They give each element its physical and chemical properties Smallest particles of an element with properties of that element element matter is composed of elements Elements cannot be broken into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods Each has unique properties physical properties detectable with our senses or are measurable chemical properties how atoms interact bond with one another 2 Be able to describe the structure of an atom list the subatomic particles and their charges give their locations in the atom a protons found in the nucleus Mass of 1 AMU and carry a positive charge b neutrons found in the nucleus Mass of 1 AMU and carry no charge c electrons orbit the nucleus in the electron cloud Mass of 0 AMU and carry a negative charge 3 Differentiate between atomic number and atomic mass If given atomic number and or atomic mass of an element be able to determine the number of protons neutrons and or electrons a atomic number number of protons in the nucleus Written as a subscript to the left of the atomic symbol b atomic mass number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus Written as a superscript to the left of the atomic symbol 4 Differentiate between ionic and covalent bonding a attraction of opposite charges results in an ionic bond b covalent bonds are formed by sharing of two or more valence shell electrons 5 Differentiate between cations and anions a cations positive charge b anions negative charge 6 Differentiate between inorganic and organic molecules a inorganic does not contain carbon b organic contains carbon 7 Name the most important inorganic molecule and explain its importance a water is the most important due to its high heat capacity high heat of vaporization and polar solvent properties 8 Differentiate between acids bases and salts Be able to use the pH scale to recognize acids bases and salts a salts ionic compounds that dissociate into ions in water Contain cations other than H and anions other than OHb acids proton donors c bases proton acceptors 9 Describe the change in pH if hydrogen ions are added to a solution describe the change in pH if hydrogen ions are removed from a solution 10 buffer solutions of molecules that slow changes in pH by either combining with or releasing its H ions 11 List and give general function s of the major organic molecules found in the human body Name the building block of each for lipid name the building blocks of triglycerides a carbohydrates molecules containing C H and O in a ratio of CnH2nOn cellular fuel and structural molecules b lipids triglycerides composed of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule used for energy storage insulation and protection c proteins joined by covalent bonds called peptide bonds and contain an amine group and acid group provide structure enzymes antibodies receptors and carriers d nucleic acids DNA made up of adenine A guanine G cytosine C and thymine T a provides instructions for protein synthesis RNA made up of adenine A guanine G cytosine C and uracil U a carry out orders for protein synthesis 12 Name the high energy molecule that cells utilize Describe how energy is released from this molecule a terminal phosphates perform cellular work using phosphate bond energy 13 enzyme globular proteins that act as biological catalysts They lower the activation energy and increase the speed of a reaction a named for the reaction they catalyze and usually end in ase substrate reactants a amino acids 14 Differentiate between RNA and DNA Name the monosaccharide found in RNA name the monosaccharide found in DNA List the nitrogenous bases found in RNA in DNA Chapter 3 1 cell structural and functional unit of life 2 Describe the structure of the plasma membrane a a lipid bilayer and proteins in a constantly changing fluid mosaic selectively permeable only allowing certain substances to pass through 2 simple diffusion a process whereby a substance passes through a membrane without the aid of an intermediary such as an integral membrane protein facilitated diffusion a form of facilitated transport involving the passive movement of molecules along their concentration gradient guided by the presence of another molecule concentration gradient the process of particles which are sometimes called solutes moving through a solution or gas from an area with a higher number of particles to an area with a lower number of particles osmosis the net diffusion if water across a selectively permeable membrane solute the minor component in a solution dissolved in the solvent solvent able to dissolve other substances osmotic pressure force that would have to be exerted to stop osmosis hydrostatic pressure the pressure that is exerted by a