Tristan Lewis TA: Natasha 1.a) Cost would be a 15% survival rate. b) Benefit is a 23% increase in survival rate per helper. c) According to Hamilton’s rule, kin selection favors the evolution of guarding behavior in the Lepomis population due to how the benefits gained outweighs the cost. 2) Question 1 a) An adaptation that would benefit both the individual and the species would be an adaptation that increases the fitness of an organism like increase in speed so that it can escape predators. b) An example of this would be a cheater who has an adaptation where it benefits itself like an extreme increase in color that scares away a few predators but overall adaptation would make for them to be noticed by another time of predator. c) An example of this would be when cheetah chase giraffes. The slowest giraffe gets eaten but this benefits the overall species because once the cheetah catches one, they are fed for a while. d) An example of this would be cancer because the genetic adaptation is beneficial for the system but it costs the organism its life. Question 2: The main theoretical factor that determines if an organism survives or reproduces is the environment because that determines the fitness of traits. If the environment changes, then it changes the entire relationship. Question 3: B can be estimated to be 0.96. C can be estimated to be 1.24. Kin selection does not favor helping because the cost does not outweigh the benefits. Question 4: The key difference between kin selection and adaptations that benefit the group, the kin selection acts on behavior and the standard group selection acts on eugenic phenotypes that promotes the best genetic reproduction. 3) A conflict between different levels of selection would be cheater individuals who act in favor of oneself but their personal benefit doest benefit the entire population. This leads to a conflict between the levels of selection of individual and population 4) Conflicts between different levels of selection leads to major transitions due to how the chromosomes were developed from genes, eukaryotes evolved from prokarytes, sexes developedfrom organisms that were once asexual, and organisms that once were acting as individuals became social. 5) Cancer is an example of a conflict of levels of selection because what allows for the cells of cancer to reproduce ends up killing off the individual so, although it is successful at the cellular level it creates a sort of conflict and makes individuals unsuccessful so there is a conflict in evolution. 6) The endosymbiotic theory is the theory that Eukaryotic organisms ingested proteobacteria and cyanobacteria and they are now organelle’s within our cells. These bacteria are now the mitochondria and chloroplasts. The evidence that this occurred is the fact that both the mitochondria and chloroplasts possess their won DNA. 7) Weissmannian inheritance is the idea that the “soma” is the body of an organism and that is not physically passed on but rather the components (genotype) is transferred in gametes leading to a change in the phenotype for the offspring. Lamarkian is in conflict with the Weissmannian inheritance because of how Lamarck believed that if an organism changed during its lifetime in order to adapt, those changes were then passed on to the offspring. 8) Problem Removed 9) a) CUU CUC CUA CUG b) UUU UUC 10. a) There are 3 synonymous substitutions that occurred. b) There is 1 non-synonymous substitution that occurred. c) 1 transition occurred d) 3 transversions occurred e) 3/1 11) Neutral theory infers that random genetic drift occurs in a population and this infers positive selection due to how a random change in alleles could lead to a more advantageous trait and then from there on that one is “positively selected” and is passed on to offspring. It also is involved with unifying selection because the traits that aren't advantageous get deleted out due to how they are replaced with the advantageous traits. This leaves a sort of neutrality on the genes because it isn't the physical gene that is being acted on but rather the phenotype and through that the genes change in frequency.12) Assuming a molecular clock, it can be inferred that the frog species evolves at around 0.1 amino acid differences per 100