1) The eras of the Phanerozoic are Cenozoic, Mesozoic, and Paleozoic. In the Paleozoic era an important evolutionary event that happened was the Cambrian Explosion 543million years ago. In the Mesozoic era an important evolutionary event that occurredwas that evidence was found that correlated with the timing of a mass extinction event. In the Cenozoic era an important evolutionary event was that mammals diversified.2) Ediacaran: earliest Metazoa (multicellular organism) to date (~670 mya) named forEdicara Hills of South AustraliaVendian: Another name for Ediacaran fauna (time just before Cambrian)Stromatolite: Name of the oldest fossils, created by cyanobacteria-like organisms. Permineralized: Are a type of fossil, they are structures buried in sediments, dissolved materials precipitate in the cells, can preserve internal structure details. Cambrian Explosion: Was an extremely rapid appearance of extant animal phyla.Trace Fossil: Trace fossils are a type of fossils that includes; fossilized nests, burrows, footprints, etc. Unconformity: Uplift and erosion of rocks displaces certain layers of soil and creates “polystrate” fossils3) Some biases of the fossil record are that some groups are more likely to fossilize than others, hard mineralized parts (bones, shells and teeth), burial required (thus favoring benthic animals), marine species are more likely to fossilize, older rocks and fossils are more rare because of erosion and subduction.4) The difference between relative and absolute age in the fossil record is that relative age refers to determining if something is younger, older or as old as something else but not its exact age (useful for inferring sequences). On the other hand, absolute age refers to assigning a number to the amount of time that has passed.5) a) blueb) plainc) B&G have striped tail patterns, E&D have blue tails6) Both parsimony and maximum likelihood methods result in trees, which are usually minimized to the total number of changes that would have been required during evolution. Parsimony: usually produces unrooted trees, always minimizes the total number of changes however, parsimony does not make assumptions about how traits evolveMaximum Likelihood: is mostly used to create rooted trees however, max likelihood tends to minimize number of changes, not as much as parsimony. Max Likelihood requires a trait of evolution model, which labels the probabilities of evolving from one state to another. 7) Long Branch Attraction is parsimony proven under certain conditions to be “positively misleading.” In other words, the more data we gather the more we side with the wrong answer/info. It was later named the “Felsenstein Zone.8) The probability that species A & B have eyes and species C does not is – 0.0181. 9) The maximum likelihood tree, is tree number 1.10) a) (1-P)(Q)[(P)(1-Q) + 1] b) (Q)(P)[(P)(1-Q) +