EEMB 102 – Exam 2-2010Version A Name__________________________Exam has 100 total points – 20 M.C. worth 2 points each and 6 S.A. worth 10 points each. I. Multiple Choice – Choose the single best answer.For problems 1-7, consider the following protein coding sequences, both found in humans.Sequence 1 – CAC CAC CAG CAG CCC CAU CGG CGG AGG CCGSequence 2 – CAU CAA CAA CAG CAC CAU AGG AGG AGG CCA1 At minimum, how many transition mutations have occurred since sequence 1 diverged from sequence 2?a 1b 2c 3d 4e 52 At minimum, how many transversion mutations have occurred since sequence 1 diverged from sequence2?a 1b 2c 3d 4e 53 At minimum, how many synonymous mutations have occurred since sequence 1 diverged from sequence 2?a 1b 2c 3d 4e 54 At minimum, how many non-synonymous mutations have occurred since sequence 1 diverged from sequence2?a 1b 2c 3d 4e 55 Is the observed Ka:Ks ratio most consistent with:a Neutral Evolutionb Purifying Selectionc Positive Selectiond Genetic Drifte More than one of the above6 ONE mutations occurred at 4-fold degenerate sites. In Sequence 1, those sites are:[this was a mistake on the exam, there is only 1 4-fold degenerate sitea Ab Cc Prod G1EEMB 102 – Exam 2-2010Version A Name__________________________e U7 What is the maximum number of substitutions that could have given rise the two sequences above?a 6b 9c 27d 35e None of the AboveFor questions 8-10, you conduct the following experiment with a population of rodents where young animals (“helpers”) will often assist in raising newborns in a nest. You hypothesize that kin selection is involved in promoting this helping behavior. First, you separate the young helpers from 66 nests, while keeping a control group with helpers in 69 nests. As a result, 18% of the newborns in nests with no helpers survived to day 60, while the number of survivors in nests containing helpers was 60%. The average number of helpers was 2 per nest.8 Using logic similar to the scrub jay experiments discussed in the text and in lecture, what value do you estimate is the benefit of helpinga 66b 18c 14d 21e 99 Using logic similar to the scrub jay experiments discussed in the text and in lecture, what value do you estimate is the cost of helping a 66b 18c 14d 30e 910 Assuming Hamilton’s Rule, what minimum value of relatedness (r from lecture and text) would you need to observe between helpers and newborns in order to conclude that kin selection has favored the evolution of helping behavior in these rodents? (In other words, solve for r).a .429 (42.9 %)b .15 (15 %)c .6 (60) %d .091 (9.1%)e Selection cannot favor helping in these rodents because r can never be more than 111 In their 1979 paper, Gould and Lewontin provided several examples of the “adaptationist programme”. Which of the following was NOT an example they used to illustrate this adaptive story telling, or “Just so Stories”a T. rex used its front limbs to titillate female partners, or to push itself up after fallingb Human sacrifice arose to solve chronic protein shortages in Aztecsc Spandrels in St. Marks cathedral were designed as canvasses for paintings to represent the four biblical riversd Blind cavefish lost eyes by selection on jaw sizee All of the above were used by G. and L. as examples of the “Panglossian paradigm”12 Which of the following would fall under the Structure dimension of the “Aptive” triangle (Structure, Function, History)?a Adaptationb Phylogenetic constraints2EEMB 102 – Exam 2-2010Version A Name__________________________c Scoped Mass extinctione None of the above3EEMB 102 – Exam 2-2010Version A Name__________________________For 13-17. Working in the lab late one night, you determine the sequences of six opsin genes, two from each ofthree species. You use your astonishing creativity to name the genes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Unfortunately, you do not know the relationships among the three species, which were named by an equally creative scientist as A, B and C. Using maximum likelihood, you are able to determine reliably the relationships among the genes. You also know which species each gene was isolated from. Your gene tree (labeled with gene number and species letter) is:(((1A, 2B), 3C), ((4A, 5C), 6B)) [rooted between 3C and 4A]For 13-15, assume the following. 1) Genes 1 2 and 3 are orthologs. 2) The gene tree you estimated represents the true history of the genes. 3) The minimum number of duplication and loss events occurred during the history of this gene family.13 Given the above assumptions, how many gene duplication events are required, at minimum, to explain the gene tree?a 1b 2c 3d 4e More than 414 Given the above assumptions, which of the following pairs of genes are orthologs?a 1 and 5b 2 and 4c 4 and 5d 6 and 4e More than one of the above15 Given the above assumptions, which of the following pairs of genes are paralogs?a 3 and 4b 6 and 5c 1 and 5d 6 and 4e All of the aboveFor 16-17, assume the following. 1) Genes4, 5 and 6 are orthologs. 2) The gene tree you estimated represents the true history of the genes. 3) The minimum number of duplication and loss events occurred during the history of this gene family.16 Given the above assumptions, which of the following pairs of genes are orthologs?a 1 and 2b 1 and 3c 1 and 4d 1 and 5e More than one of the above17 Given the above assumptions, which of the following pairs of genes are paralogs?a 3 and 1b 3 and 2c 3 and 5d 3 and 6e All of the above4EEMB 102 – Exam 2-2010Version A Name__________________________18 Which of the following represent major transitions in macroevolution that likely occurred by the resolution of conflicts between levels of biological organization:a The origin of eukaryotesb The origin of multi-cellular animalsc The origin of sibling helping behavior in scrub jaysd All of the abovee More than one, but not all of the aboveFor 19-20. The plot below illustrates heterochrony in eye-size data for three species, an ancestor (middle, solid line) and two descendents (top left, fine dashed line) and (bottom right, larger dashed line).19 The Y-Axis is eye size; what is the X-axis measuring?a Evolutionary timeb Developmental timec Rate of eye developmentd Rate of eye evolutione More than one of the above20 Compared to the ancestor, eye size of the descendent in the bottom-right (larger dashed line) has evolvedby:a Progenesisb Neotonyc Hypermorphosisd Post-displacemente None of the above5EEMB 102 – Exam 2-2010Version A