EEMB 102 MacroevolutionSocrative (https://b.socrative.com/login/student/)How Many Evolution Classes Have you Taken Before @ UCSB?“Human beings, as we know them, developed from earlier species of animals.”PowerPoint PresentationSlide 6Battle for Scientific LiteracyLecture 1Theme of this courseI. DarwinismI. Darwin’s Theories of EvolutionSlide 12Common Descent and Species Multiplication (Speciation)Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Gould’s DarwinismII. Gould “Evolutionary Theory is Darwinian… and then some”II.b.i. “Agency” of selectionII.b.ii. “Efficacy” of selectionII.b.iii. “Scope” of selectionII.c.Organization of CourseIs Evolution Still Darwinian?III. What is Macroevolution?“The field of macroevolution embraces the excitement of seeking an understanding of the breadth of life” -LevintonSlide 26A.i. Taxonomic-based definitionA.ii. Integrative definitionA.iii. One of my definitionsMore detailed definitionIII. What is Macroevolution? B. Macroevolutionary Questions:Criminal Trial Using PhylogeneticsMacroevolutionary Questions:Slide 34Macroevolutionary QuestionsSlide 36Next TimeEEMB 102 MacroevolutionSocrative (https://b.socrative.com/login/student/)How Many Evolution Classes Have you Taken Before @ UCSB?•A = 0•B = 1•C= 2•D = 3•E= More than 3“Human beings, as we know them, developed from earlier species of animals.”•A = True•B = Unsure•C = FalseBattle for Scientific LiteracyScott Walker Interview SegmentLecture 1MacroevolutionStructure of Evolutionary TheoryDarwinismTheme of this course•Central Question:–Is the field of evolution “Darwinian”?•Gould’s answer:–Yes… and then some.•To understand this, we must first consider “what is Darwinism”I. Darwinism•Ernst Mayr “In reality, Darwin's "theory" of evolution was a whole bundle of theories”I. Darwin’s Theories of Evolutiona. Evolution as such i. The world is not constant or recently created nor perpetually cycling (not typological)ii. The world is steadily changing, and that organisms are transformed in time (Lyell’s geological influence)I. Darwin’s Theories of Evolutionb. Common descent every group of organisms descended from a common ancestorSpeciesReproductiveIsolationCommon Descent and Species Multiplication (Speciation)I. Darwin’s Theories of Evolutionc. Multiplication of species i. Species multiply (speciation)ii. Speciation explains the origin of diversityI. Darwin’s Theories of Evolutiond) Gradualism•Evolution occurs by gradual change of populations (Lyell’s influence)•Evolution does not occur by sudden (saltational) production of new individuals that represent a new typeI. Darwin’s Theories of Evolutione) Natural Selection•Individuals within species vary•Some variations are passed to offspring•More offspring are produced than can survive (Malthus’ influence)•Survival and reproduction is not random. Individuals that have favorable variations more often survive to reproduce, or reproduce more.Gould’s Darwinism•Focuses on 2 of Mayr’s Darwinian ideas–Evolution as such –Common descent–Multiplication of species –Gradualism–Natural selectionII. Gould “Evolutionary Theory is Darwinian… and then some”II.b.i. “Agency” of selection•At what level does natural selection occur?•Darwin “organismal”•But selection can act at other levels–Genes–Cells–(Organisms)–Groups (social insects)–Species?II.b.ii. “Efficacy” of selection•Does natural selection account for all of evolution?•“Constraints” may channel evolution–Developmental–StructuralII.b.iii. “Scope” of selection•Can gradual microevolution account for all of evolution?•What about mass extinctions?•Species selection?II.c.Organization of Coursei. Introduction and Tools for studying macroevolutionii. Agency – Selection at different levels of organizationiii. Efficacy – Constraints may channel evolutioniv. Scope – Uniform and gradual evolution may not be the whole answerIs Evolution Still Darwinian?Full fathom five thy father lies;Of his bones are coral made;Those are pearls that were his eyes:Nothing of him that doth fadeBut doth suffer a sea-changeInto something rich and strange.- Ariel from Shakespeare’s TempestIII. What is Macroevolution?“The field of macroevolution embraces the excitement of seeking an understanding of the breadth of life” -LevintonIII. What is Macroevolution?•A. Definitions:–Taxonomic definitions–Integrative definitions–My definitionA.i. Taxonomic-based definition1. “Evolution above the species level”2. Between species evolution (as opposed to within species, which is microevolution)A.ii. Integrative definition1. “the sum of those processes that explain the character-state transitions that diagnose evolutionary differences of major taxonomic rank”-Levinton (Genes, Paleontology, and Macroevolution)A.iii. One of my definitions1. “The study of the processes that cause biological lineages* to diversify and disappear and the historical patterns that result.” * Lineages may consist of protein domains, genes, tissues, species, or any other level of biological organization-T.H.O.More detailed definition•Macroevolutionists study the processes that cause the origination and extinction of species, genes and functionally important traits - and the evolutionary patterns that result from these processes. Macroevolutionary study involves understanding the environmental factors and evolutionary innovations that influence speciation, diversification and extinction; timing and sequences of trait evolution; convergent evolution; and the correlated evolution of multiple traits. To accomplish these studies macroevolutionists utilize historical scientific methods, including tools from phylogenetics and paleontology.III. What is Macroevolution?B. Macroevolutionary Questions:•Big Question 1: How do we establish evolutionary relationships among taxa?Specific:Who are humans’ closest relatives?www.bushorchimp.comCriminal Trial Using PhylogeneticsMacroevolutionary Questions:•Big Question 2. How do genetics, development, and morphology channel evolution?Macroevolutionary Questions:Specific:Why did dinosaurs become extinct?Big Question 3: What environmental (abiotic) changes regulated the timing of evolutionary radiations and extinctions?Macroevolutionary Questions•Big Question 4. What biotic changes regulated the timing of evolutionary radiations and extinctions?Specific: Did the Extinction