Row 1: Adds nucleotides to RNACell DivisionCell SignalingBrings proteins into nucleusDigests StarchRow 2: NucleusCytosolPlasma MembraneCytosolSecreted (salvia, digestive system) Row 3: FreeFreeRough ERFreeRough ErRow 4: NoNoYesNoYesRow 5: Yes, No, No, No, NoRow 6: No, No, Yes, No, NoRow 7: No, No, Yes, No, YesClicker question 1: A researcher has constructed a new protein that has both a nuclear localization signal and an ER signal sequence. Where will this protein end up?SecretedAntibody:Part of our bodies immune responseLarge y shaped proteinsEach antibody targets an unique antigen present on the invading organismAlso called immunoglobulinsAntigen:Any foreign substance that elicits an immune responseAntigens are targeted by antibodiesExamples: bacterial, viruses, blood that is not your own typeTwo antigens and two antibodies can explain the ABO blood system. The antigens on our red blood cells are “markers”. Our body can recognize its own markers and will not attack them. Antibody Anti-A targets antigen A. Antibody Anti-B targets antigen B. Clicker Question 2: Which Blood types could be transfused into all other blood types, without inducing an antibody/antigen response?OClicker Question 3: Which blood type can receive all other blood types without having a response?ABClicker Question 4: N-acetyl-galactosamine, N-acetyl-glucosamine, fucose, and galactose are all what type of macromolecules?monosaccharidesWe will consider two important proteins in the context of protein trafficking and the ABO blood groups:• the antigen-bearing glycoproteins that populate the plasma membrane of red blood cells• the glycosylating enzymes (glycosyltransferases) that add the unique ABO antigens to the membrane glycoproteins. These enzymes are active in the Golgi.Draw a flow chart (boxes and arrows) for each of these proteins to show how it would be sorted into the correct location for its correct function.Be sure to indicate all of the signals that are necessary for this sorting to be successful.Start here:Protein Trafficking:Enzymes called glycosyltransferases, active within the Golgi, modify H-substance as follows:- Individuals with the A blood type have a glycosyltransferase that is N acetyl-galactosamine specific. The glycosyltransferase adds an N acetyl-galactosamine to the galactose residue of H-substance.- In B blood types, the glycosyltransferase is specific for galactose. - Individuals with AB blood types have both enzymes. - In individuals with type O, the enzyme is defective (frameshift mutation). Antigens on red blood cells Blood Serum AntibodiesABO Blood type Antigen A Antigen B Antibody Anti-A Antibody Anti-BA Yes No No YesB No Yes Yes No0 No No Yes YesAB Yes Yes No NoClicker Question: The enzymes which add the ABO antigens to the proteins are found?In the golgi apparatusClicker Question: How many sorting signals do the glycisyltransfearses have?Two, er signal and golgi
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