ATP+H2O ADP+Pi ΔG change in G= -7.3 kcal/mol exergonicThe energy released from reaction 1 (ATP hydrolysis) can provide the energy for reaction 2. The overall change in G Is still negative. R Group: Polar and nonpolar When there is an R group with an NH2 it is polar and hydrophilic Ex. Glutamine Notes: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. Oxidized form Reduced form NAD is involved in redox reactions A redox (or oxidation-reduction) reaction involves the transfer of electrons. TIP: LEO the lion goes GER LEO Loose electrons, OxidizeGER Gain electrons, ReduceExample: 2H2 + O2 2H2OHydrogen is oxidized and Oxygen is reducedIn Biology oxidation is losing hydrogen atoms and reduction is gaining hydrogen atoms.- NADH is the electron carrierReduction•gain of electrons•gain of hydrogendouble bond to single bond •NAD+ to NADH Oxidation•loss of electrons•loss of hydrogen•single bond to double bond•NADH to NAD+Clicker Question: NADH….A. Accepts electrons from other molecules becoming oxidized B. Oxidizes other molecules by giving them an electron C. Donates electrons to other molecules, reducing them D.Is oxidized E. No idea Clicker Question: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate…. A.Oxidizes NAD+ to NADH B.Reduces NADH to NAD+ C.Oxidizes NADH to NAD+ D.Reduces NAD+ to NADH Clicker Question: Vitamin C is an anti-oxidant - it reduces other chemicals (prevents them from remaining oxidized). To do this it needs to have an electron to give away. Once vitamin C gives away its electoron, it can’t do its job. Luckily we get enough vitamin C through our diet (usually). And we recycle vitamin C by giving an electron (hydrogen) back to it. What chemical might be used to help “recycle” vitamin C? A.NADH B.NAD+ C.ATP D.ADP Clicker Question: This shows the final step in the production of cholesterol (an important membrane lipid).A. NADPH reduces cholesterol to 7- dehydrocholesterolB. NADPH is oxidized by 7- dehydrocholesterol to NADP+ C. NADP+ oxidizes cholesterol D.Cholesterol reduces 7- dehydrocholesterol Clicker Question: Which “half” of the coupled reaction is exergonic? A. Trick question, that applies to ATPB. NADPH losing its electronC. 7-dehydrocholesterol gaining an electron D. NADP+ gaining an electronE. Cholesterol gaining an electronEnergy - required for assembly of molecules Ultimate source for life on Earth: Sun Cellular currency of energy – ATP Reducing Power – for electron exchange and chemical bondsUltimate source for life on earth - H2O Cellular currency of reducing power-
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