BIOL 152 1st Edition Lecture 18 Outline of Last Lecture Animal and Body Forms Outline of Current Lecture Animal Nutrition Current Lecture Animal Nutrition o Managing energy through diet Which foods are essential Ins and outs of digestion Adaptations for digestion Heterotrophs obtain energy o From autotrophs herbivores o From other animals carnivores o From animals as well as plants omnivores Despite these distinctions most animals are opportunistic feeders and will eat a good meal if they happen upon it Four main feeding mechanisms 1 Fuel ATP 2 Organic raw materials for biosynthesis Carbon skeleton 3 Essential nutrients Vitamins and minerals that cannot be synthesized 4 Cellular Respiration Nearly all ATP generation is based on the oxidation of energy rich organic molecules o Carbohydrates proteins and fats o Fats and carbohydrates burned first o Fats release twice as much energy Excess calories beyond ATP These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Used in biosynthesis growth repair and reproduction Stored in energy depots o In liver and muscles as glycogen Regulation of glucose metabolism o Ex of homeostasis Caloric Imbalance Undernourishment o Stores of glycogen and fat used then proteins o War famine drought anorexia nervosa Over nourishment o Affluent countries with ample fattening foods and sedentary lifestyle o 35 adults 18 children 15 overall o Obesity leads to diabetes cancer of colon and breasts cardiovascular disease Appetite regulating hormones o Inheritance is a major factor o Leptin produced by adipose tissue o Leptin may have different function on humans doesn t regulate appetite Obesity and Evolution We crave fatty and sweet foods Biological oddities seem less bizarre in the context of natural selection Components of a good diet 1 Organic carbon i e from sugars and nitrogen AA from proteins allow fabrication of many organic molecules 2 Essential nutrients must be obtained in preassembled form 3 Malnourished Osteopagia Essential Amino Acids Can synthesize 11 of the 20 AA if diet includes enough nitrogen Remaining are essential Protein deficiency most common among humans especially children o Kwashiorker Swollen belly osmotic protein Deficiency of blood proteins solutes decreases ability to take up water o o Meat eggs cheese nuts legumes corn Plumpy nut 4 Essential Fatty Acids Can synthesize most of the FA we need Deficiencies rare Unsaturated Linoleic acid required to make phospholipids in cell membranes Omega 6 fatty acid LA Omega 3 fatty acid LA DHA 5 Vitamins 13 essential Organic molecules required in small amounts Water soluble 1 B complex metabolic processes C production of connective tissue and others 2 A eyes D Ca absorption E antioxidant K blood clotting 6 Minerals Inorganic nutrients required in small amounts Calcium and phosphorus for bones 1 Calcium also needed for muscle and nerve function 2 Phosphorus also needed for ATP and nucleic acids Iron for hemoglobin Necessary to make certain enzymes hormones and for maintaining osmotic balance Salt sodium chloride component of extracellular fluids hypertension
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