BIOL 152 1st Edition Lecture 18 Outline of Last Lecture - Animal and Body Forms Outline of Current Lecture - Animal Nutrition Current Lecture- Animal Nutrition o Managing energy through diet, Which foods are essential?, Ins and outs of digestion,Adaptations for digestion- Heterotrophs obtain energy…o From autotrophs à herbivoreso From other animals à carnivoreso From animals as well as plants à omnivores Despite these distinctions, most animals are opportunistic feeders, and will eat a good meal if they happen upon it. Four main feeding mechanisms1. Fuel ATP2. Organic raw materials for biosynthesis - Carbon skeleton 3. Essential nutrients - Vitamins and minerals that cannot be synthesized 4. Cellular Respiration - Nearly all ATP generation is based on the oxidation of energy-rich organic molecules o Carbohydrates, proteins and fatso Fats and carbohydrates burned firsto Fats release twice as much energyExcess calories: beyond ATP These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Used in biosynthesis (growth, repair and reproduction)- Stored in ‘energy depots’o In liver and muscles as glycogen- Regulation of glucose metabolismo Ex of homeostasis - Caloric Imbalance - Undernourishmento Stores of glycogen and fat used, thenproteins o War, famine, drought, anorexianervosa- Over nourishment o Affluent countries with ample fattening foods and sedentary lifestyle o 35% adults 18% children 15% overallo Obesity leads to diabetes, cancer of colon and breasts, cardiovascular disease- Appetite regulating hormoneso Inheritance is a major factoro Leptin – produced by adipose tissueo Leptin may have different function on humans – doesn’t regulate appetite Obesity and Evolution - We crave fatty and sweet foods!- “Biological oddities seem less bizarre in the context of natural selection” Components of a good diet 1. Organic carbon (i.e., from sugars) and nitrogen (AA from proteins) allow fabrication of many organic molecules 2. Essential nutrients: must be obtained in preassembled form- Malnourished- Osteopagia3. Essential Amino Acids - Can synthesize 11 of the 20 AA if diet includes enough nitrogen- Remaining are essential- Protein deficiency – most common among humans, especially childreno KwashiorkerSwollen belly – osmotic protein Deficiency of blood proteins (solutes) decreases ability to take up water o Meat, eggs, cheese, nuts, legumes + corno Plumpy’nut 4. Essential Fatty Acids - Can synthesize most of the FA we need- Deficiencies rare- Unsaturated – Linoleic acid – required to make phospholipids in cell membranes - Omega-6 fatty acid (LA)- Omega-3 fatty acid (αLA, DHA) 5. Vitamins (13 essential) - Organic molecules required in small amounts- Water-soluble1. B complex (metabolic processes), C (production of connective tissue), and others.2. A (eyes), D (Ca absorption), E (antioxidant), K (blood clotting)6. Minerals - Inorganic nutrients required in small amounts- Calcium and phosphorus for bones1. Calcium also needed for muscle and nerve function 2. Phosphorus also needed for ATP and nucleic acids - Iron for hemoglobin - Necessary to make certain enzymes, hormones, and for maintaining osmotic balance- Salt (sodium chloride) – component of extracellular fluids –