BIOL 152 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 13 - 17Lecture 13 (March 6)EumatozaCnidaria:- Diploblastic, radial symmetry- Gastro vascular cavity - one opening- Two body plans:o Sessile poly – hydras, anemones, corals (mouth up) o Floating medusa – jellies (mouth down) hydrostatic skeleton- Carnivores o Tentacles with cnidocytes (i.e. nematocysts)o Medusae have hydrostatic skeleton MetazoaPorifera:- Multicellular, lack true tissues, asymmetrical- Suspension feeders- Specialized cells- Sequential hermaphrodites – produce sperm and egg - Flagellated swimming larvaeo Choanocytes – phagocytosis o Amoebocytes – spiculesLophotrochozoaNamed for two distinct traits that occur in some phyla:Lophophore: - feeding structure with ciliated tentacles around the mouth- Trochophore larvae - has a ring of cilia around its middle, used for locomotionRotifers:- Marine, FW and damp soils- Pseudocoelom and hydrostatic skeleton- Suspension feeders that use a crown of cilia to draw water into the moutho Alimentary canal – separate mouth and anusLecture 14 (March 18)EcdysozoanMeans exoskeleton (chitin) moltingArthropoda: - Segmented- Jointed appendages- Well developed senses – many with compound eyes, olfactory, antennae- Open circulatory system- Gills or trachea - Dueterostome- 1. Radial and indeterminate - 2. Coelom develops from archenteron - 3. Blastopore becomes anusAsteroidea: - Each tube foot bears a suction disc that is used in locomotion, feeding, and adhering to surfaces- RegenerationLecture 15 (March 20)Shared Characteristics of Chordates1. Notochord2. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord3. Pharyngeal slits4. Muscular, post-anal tailChordate EvolutionGarstang’s hypothesis – paedomorphorosis, species born in aquatic environment and became sexually aquatic in water - FALSEChordate Evolution:- Appearance of the brain- Lancelets have an enlarged nerve cord tip- Similar gene expression of Hox genes in the lancelet nerve cord and the vertebrate brain Vertebrates: - More complex nervous system and skeleton- Another Hox gene duplication- Vertebrae- Appendages (fins in aquatic species)Internal fertilization with secondary distinctions:- Oviparous: lay eggs that hatch outside mothers body- Viviparous: young develop within uterus- Ovoviviparous: fertilized eggs that remain within mothers body. Young born after hatchingLecture 16 (March 25)Osteichthyes: - Ossified endoskeleton (calcium phosphate)- Aquatic osteichthyes contain o Operculumo Swim bladdero Lateral lineo OviparousOrigin of Tetrapods - Acanthostega had fully formed legs ankles and digits but also had gills a tail fin and weak pelvic Tetrapods: Amphibia - In most conditions they try to avoid desiccation - Respiration is cutaneous, via gills, or lungs- Metamorphosis b/w larval and adult stages- Worldwide decline due to habitat degradation, diseases, acid precipitationAmniotes: - Reptiles, Birds, Mammals - Amniotic egg- Amniotic egg is surrounded by extensive extra embryonic membranes- No longer tied to water- Less permeable skin- Use rib cage to ventilate lungs- Convergent evolution - similarities due to common ancestryLecture 17 (March 27)Animals are made of specialized cells- Specialized cells are combined into tissues- Tissues are combined into organ- Organs work together in organ system Four major types of tissues- Connective- Nervous- Muscle- EpithelialPositive feedback – change in variable leads to amplified change - Balancing heat loss with heat gain- Insulation- Reduces the flow of heat between an animal and its environment- Vasodilation o Blood flow in the skin increases facilitating heat loss- Vasoconstrictiono Blood flow in the skin decreases lowering heat losso Countercurrent heat exchangePoikilothermic – temp change with environment (birds and bats)Homoeothermic – relatively constant temperature Bioenergetics- Flow of Energy in an out = “budget”- Cellular respiration produces ATPo For metabolism, activities, thermoregulationo Metabolic rate affected by:Bioenergetic