BIOL 152 1st Edition Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture Macromolecules Outline of Current Lecture Macromolecules and Polymers Starch and Glycogen Starch stored in plants as amylose and amylopectin Glycogen stored in animals in the liver Starch 1 4 linkage of alpha sheet structure is known as helices Cellulose 1 4 linkage of beta sheets structure is known as straight Lipids Do not consist of polymers Hydrophobic because they contain mostly hydrocarbons Biologically important lipids fats phospholipids steroids Are constructed from two types of molecules a single glycerol and usually 3 fatty acids Bonded through ester linkage Fatty acids vary in length and the number and location of double bonds they contain Fats Saturated Fatty Acids Contain lots of hydrogen Unsaturated Fatty Acids Contain less of hydrogen Consists of double bonds These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Phospholipids Have only two fatty acids Structure of Phospholipids Consists of a hydrophilic tails and hydrophobic heads Makes up the phospholipid bi layer Steroids Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings Cholesterol found in cell membranes is the precursor to many steroids Proteins Polypeptides are polymers constructed from a set of 20 amino acid monomers A protein consists of more than 1 polypeptide Goes from the monomers of amino acids to polypeptide chains to proteins Instrumental aspect that allows organisms to function Amino Acids Have both carboxyl and amino groups Polypeptide Peptide bonds occur between adjacent amino and carboxyl Goes through dehydration reaction to make more polymers N terminus and C terminus Four Levels of Protein Structure Primary structure Unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain Secondary structure Consists of chains coiling H bonds within polypeptide backbone Consists of alpha and beta sheets Tertiary structure 3D shape Amino acid chain interacts with side chains Van der Waals interactions Ionic bonds Disulfide bridge H bonds with side chains Quaternary structure Has an overall protein structure Consists of two or more polypeptide subunits Protein conformation is also affected by physical and chemical conditions such as pH temperature and salt concentration Current Lecture Animal Diversity
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