BIOL 152 1st Edition Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture - Macromolecules Outline of Current Lecture Macromolecules and Polymers Starch and Glycogen- Starch stored in plants as amylose and amylopectin- Glycogen stored in animals in the liver Starch 1—4 linkage of alpha sheet structure is known as - helices Cellulose 1-4 linkage of beta sheets structure is known as - straightLipids- Do not consist of polymers- Hydrophobic because they contain mostly hydrocarbons- Biologically important lipids: fats, phospholipids, steroidsFats- Are constructed from two types of molecules, a single glycerol and usually 3 fatty acids- Bonded through ester linkage- Fatty acids vary in length and the number and location of double bonds they containSaturated Fatty Acids- Contain lots of hydrogenUnsaturated Fatty Acids- Contain less of hydrogen- Consists of double bondsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Phospholipids- Have only two fatty acidsStructure of Phospholipids- Consists of a hydrophilic “tails” and hydrophobic “heads.” Makes up the phospholipid bi-layerSteroids- Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings- Cholesterol (found in cell membranes) is the precursor to many steroidsProteins- Polypeptides are polymers constructed from a set of 20 amino acid monomers- A protein consists of more than 1 polypeptide- Goes from the monomers of amino acids to polypeptide chains to proteins - Instrumental aspect that allows organisms to functionAmino Acids- Have both carboxyl and amino groupsPolypeptide- Peptide bonds occur between adjacent amino and carboxyl - Goes through dehydration reaction to make more polymers- N terminus and C terminusFour Levels of Protein StructurePrimary structure - Unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain Secondary structure- Consists of chains coiling - H-bonds within polypeptide backbone - Consists of alpha and beta sheets Tertiary structure- 3D shape - Amino acid chain interacts with side chains - Van der Waals interactions - Ionic bonds - Disulfide bridge - H bonds with side chains Quaternary structure- Has an overall protein structure - Consists of two or more polypeptide subunits Protein conformation is also affected by physical and chemical conditions, such as pH, temperature, and salt concentration.Current Lecture- Animal
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