BIOL 152 1st Edition Lecture 16 Outline of Last Lecture Vertebrates Outline of Current Lecture Vertebrates Osteichthyes Ossified endoskeleton calcium phosphate Aquatic osteichthyes contain o Operculum o Swim bladder o Lateral line o Oviparous Ray finned fish Actinopterygii Fins are supported by long flexible rays Overfishing Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch http www mbayaq org cr seafoodwatch asp Lobe finned fishes Sarcopterygii Fins have rod shaped bones surrounded by thick muscle Lobe fins 3 lineages selicants lungfish tetrapods Coelacanths thought to be extinct Lungfishes have lings and breathe air when environment is low in oxygen Tetrapods Lobe finned fish that adapted to life on land Pelvic and pectoral fines which then become limbs and digits Pelvic girdle fused to backbone No gill slits as adults These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Origin of Tetrapods Acanthostega had fully formed legs ankles and digits but also had gills a tail fin and weak pelvic Tetrapods Amphibia In most conditions they try to avoid desiccation Respiration is cutaneous via gills or lungs Metamorphosis b w larval and adult stages Worldwide decline due to habitat degradation diseases acid precipitation Order Urodela Salamanders carnivorous adults and larvae Order Anura frogs adaptations to avoid predation eggs to adult Cryptic and aposematic coloring in frogs Vocalizations Order Apoda Caecilians Subterranean lifestyle Dual life Amniotes Reptiles Birds Mammals Amniotic egg Amniotic egg is surrounded by extensive extra embryonic membranes No longer tied to water Less permeable skin Use rib cage to ventilate lungs Amniotes Reptilia Scales with protein beta keratin Rely solely on lungs Ectothermic except birds do not produce heat internally Dinosaurs gave rise to birds Amniotes Birds Adaptations for flight Wings keratin Gonads Lack teeth Keeled sternum Hollow bones Fast metabolism four chambered heart Large brains excellent eyesight elaborate courtship incubate eggs Amniotes Mammalia Mammary glands Hair endothermic Alpha keratin endothermic have efficient respiration and circulation Large brains extended parental care Differentiation of teeth Three bones in the middle ear Females contain placenta that are formed from extra embryonic membrane and uterus and the nutrients diffuse via blood to the offspring Monotremes o Egg laying o Cloaca Marsupials o Live birth to young at early developmental stage o Diversified in Australia and South America after Pangea broke apart o 3 families outside Australia today Eutherians o More complex placenta longer pregnancy o Limbs adapted for many types of movement fly glide run walk swim burrow swing Convergent evolution similarities due to common ancestry Current Lecture Circulation
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