BIOL 152 1st Edition Lecture 16 Outline of Last Lecture - Vertebrates Outline of Current Lecture VertebratesOsteichthyes: - Ossified endoskeleton (calcium phosphate)- Aquatic osteichthyes contain o Operculumo Swim bladdero Lateral lineo OviparousRay-finned fish: Actinopterygii- Fins are supported by long, flexible rays- Overfishing - Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch http://www.mbayaq.org/cr/seafoodwatch.aspLobe-finned fishes: Sarcopterygii- Fins have rod-shaped bones surrounded by thick muscle- Lobe-fins: 3 lineages – selicants lungfish tetrapods- Coelacanths thought to be extinct- Lungfishes have lings and breathe air when environment is low in oxygenTetrapods: - Lobe-finned fish that adapted to life on land - Pelvic and pectoral fines, which then become limbs and digits- Pelvic girdle fused to backbone- No gill slits (as adults)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Origin of Tetrapods - Acanthostega had fully formed legs ankles and digits but also had gills a tail fin and weak pelvic Tetrapods: Amphibia - In most conditions they try to avoid desiccation - Respiration is cutaneous, via gills, or lungs- Metamorphosis b/w larval and adult stages- Worldwide decline due to habitat degradation, diseases, acid precipitationOrder Urodela: - Salamanders- carnivorous adults and larvaeOrder Anura- frogs - adaptations to avoid predation (eggs to adult)- Cryptic and aposematic coloring in frogs- Vocalizations Order Apoda- Caecilians - Subterranean lifestyle- Dual life Amniotes: - Reptiles, Birds, Mammals - Amniotic egg- Amniotic egg is surrounded by extensive extra embryonic membranes- No longer tied to water- Less permeable skin- Use rib cage to ventilate lungsAmniotes: Reptilia - Scales with protein beta keratin- Rely solely on lungs- Ectothermic (except birds) – do not produce heat internally- Dinosaurs gave rise to birdsAmniotes: Birds - Adaptations for flight- Wings keratin- Gonads - Lack teeth- Keeled sternum - Hollow bones- Fast metabolism, four chambered heart- Large brains, excellent eyesight, elaborate courtship, incubate eggsAmniotes: Mammalia - Mammary glands- Hair (endothermic) - Alpha keratin, endothermic, have efficient respiration, and circulation - Large brains, extended parental care- Differentiation of teeth- Three bones in the middle ear - Females contain placenta that are formed from extra embryonic membrane and uterus and the nutrients diffuse via blood to the offspring - Monotremes o Egg laying o Cloaca- Marsupials o Live birth to young at early developmental stageo Diversified in Australia and South America after Pangea broke aparto 3 families outside Australia today- Eutherians o More complex placenta, longer pregnancyo Limbs adapted for many types of movement: fly, glide, run, walk, swim, burrow, swingConvergent evolution - similarities due to common ancestryCurrent Lecture-
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