BIOL 152 1st Edition Lecture 10 Outline of Last Lecture Phylogeny Outline of Current Lecture Carbon and Molecular Diversity Researchers have discovered 1 8 million known eukaryotes and overall 10 million eukaryotes exist 3 domains Eukaryote Archaic Bacteria Bacteria are known to exist as protista and plantae Archaic are known to exist as fungi and animalia Life has emergent properties It exists as a whole that is greater than sum of parts Emergent properties exists in all levels Systems biology attacks the big question of all life Backbones of biological molecules are Carbons All living organisms are made up of chemicals based mostly on carbon Carbons are the basis for Organic chemistry Form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms Carbon is tetravalent it has 4 valence electrons These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Carbon skeleton variation Carbon chain variation o Form the skeletons of most organic molecules Carbons vary in length and shape Carbons vary in the location and number of double bonds Hydrocarbons Molecules consisting of only C and H Non polar and hydrophobic Found in many of a cell s organic molecules Source of fuel Isomers Structural isomers are those arranged differently but consist of the same molecular form Cis and Trans Cis occurs when an element that is attached to a two carbon chain with a double bond is directly across from each other When diagonally opposite to the double bonds they are trans Functional Groups Parts of molecules involved in that are involved in a chemical reaction Chemically reactive groups of atoms within an organic molecule There are seven functional groups that are important in the chemistry of life o o o o o o o Hydroxyl Amino Carboxyl Carbonyl Sulfhydryl Phosphate Methyl Functional groups give organic properties distinctive chemical properties Macromolecules Large molecules polymers composed of smaller molecules monomers macromolecules Complex in their structures Form represents function Four types of macromolecules Carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids Carbohydrates proteins and nucleic acids are polymers o chains of similar or identical monomers are joined by covalent bonds Synthesis of Polymers Occurs through dehydration reaction or condensation reactions makes water Breakdown of polymers Hydrolysis uses water to break bonds Carbohydrates Trademarks of a sugar Carbonyl group and many hydroxyl groups End in ose Classified by number of carbons Often form rings Serve as energy for cellular respiration and as building blocks Includes both sugars and their polymers Exist as monosaccharaides disaccharides and polysaccharides Monosaccharaides Are the simplest of all sugars Can be combined into polymers May be linear Can form rings Disaccharides Joined by glycosidic linkage Polysaccharides Are polymers of sugars Serve many roles in organisms such as o Storage o Structure Cellulose is produced in plants Chitin is produced in animals and fungi Methyl Cellulose keeps you feeling full Current Lecture Macromolecules and Polymers
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