BIOL 152 1st Edition Lecture 10Outline of Last Lecture - PhylogenyOutline of Current Lecture Carbon and Molecular DiversityResearchers have discovered 1.8 million known eukaryotes and overall 10 million eukaryotes exist3 domains:- Eukaryote- Archaic- Bacteria Bacteria - are known to exist as protista and plantaeArchaic - are known to exist as fungi and animalia Life has emergent properties- It exists as a whole that is greater than sum of parts- Emergent properties exists in all levels Systems biology - attacks the big question of all lifeBackbones of biological molecules are Carbons- All living organisms are made up of chemicals based mostly on carbon - Carbons are the basis for Organic chemistry- Form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms- Carbon is tetravalent - it has 4 valence electronsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Carbon skeleton variation- Carbon chain variation o Form the skeletons of most organic molecules- Carbons vary in length and shape - Carbons vary in the location and number of double bondsHydrocarbons- Molecules consisting of only C and H: Non polar and hydrophobic - Found in many of a cell’s organic molecules- Source of fuelIsomersStructural isomers are those arranged differently, but consist of the same molecular form - Cis and Trans - Cis occurs when an element that is attached to a two carbon chain with a double bond is directlyacross from each other- When diagonally opposite to the double bonds they are transFunctional GroupsParts of molecules involved in that are involved in a chemical reaction - Chemically reactive groups of atoms within an organic molecule- There are seven functional groups that are important in the chemistry of lifeo Hydroxylo Aminoo Carboxyl o Carbonylo Sulfhydrylo Phosphate o Methyl- Functional groups give organic properties distinctive chemical propertiesMacromolecules Large molecules (polymers) composed of smaller molecules (monomers) - macromolecules- Complex in their structures- Form represents functionFour types of macromolecules:Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids- Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are polymerso ‘chains’ of similar or identical monomers are joined by covalent bondsSynthesis of Polymers- Occurs through dehydration reaction or condensation reactions, makes water Breakdown of polymers- Hydrolysis, uses water to break bondsCarbohydratesTrademarks of a sugar:- Carbonyl group and many hydroxyl groups- End in - ose- Classified by number of carbons - Often form rings- Serve as energy for cellular respiration and as building blocks- Includes both sugars and their polymers- Exist as monosaccharaides, disaccharides, and polysaccharidesMonosaccharaides- Are the simplest of all sugars- Can be combined into polymers- May be linear- Can form ringsDisaccharides- Joined by glycosidic linkagePolysaccharides- Are polymers of sugars- Serve many roles in organisms such as o Storageo Structure- Cellulose is produced in plants - Chitin is produced in animals and fungi- Methyl Cellulose - keeps you feeling fullCurrent Lecture- Macromolecules and
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