Chapter 5 Latinos Hispanics Introduction and Overview Who are Hispanics o People who identify themselves as having Mexican Puerto Rican Cuban or other Spanish origin or culture regardless of race Include people from various races Face discrimination based on skin color and ethnicity Terminology used interchangeably o White non Hispanic White o Black non Hispanic Black History of Hispanics in the United States History of Mexican Americans 1519 Colonization of New Spain received freedom in 1821 Mexican American War Residents in Texas chose to stay as citizens in United States History of Puerto Ricans and Cubans 1929 1939 Repatriation to Mexico Authorized by President Herbert Hoover World War 2 Large scale migration to U S Puerto Ricans Compromise 9 of the total Hispanic population Citizenship was extended via the Jones Act 1917 Possess dual citizenship and are bilingual and diverse in race Suffered a history of slavery racial segregation and classism Cubans o Migration was marked by the commencement of Fidel Castro s regime o Early emigres were wealthy or middleclass members and later refugees were professionals o Most refugees were White Cubans Legislation to Discourage Discrimination Executive orders for affirmative action and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act Public Law 94 311 Requires federal government agencies to categorize and collect data on Hispanic origin Hispanic Population Comprises 17 of the total U S population More than three quarter are native born or naturalized citizens The median age is 27 4 years Latinas have higher average birthrates compared to other women 26 2 percent claim to be of some other race o Meaning of race for Hispanics is contextual variable and complex Education In 2013 only 66 1 had completed high school compared to 88 6 Whites and 85 1 Blacks o Significantly impacts recruitment selection training and compensation Levels differ across nativity country of origin and immigration status Performance is positively affected by the presence of Latino administrators Employment and Earnings Men have the highest participation rate than other men while Latinas participate less than all other women Unemployment rate is lower than that of Blacks but higher than that of Whites and Asians Increase in earning depends on educational level of Hispanic men and women Forms of Discrimination Access and treatment discrimination o Name based discrimination Ex Jose applying for a job o Inter ethnic employment discrimination Practiced by racial and ethnic minority groups against other minorities Customer discrimination Racial profiling Police misconduct Hispanic Immigrants at Work 35 are foreign born Disproportionate representation in dangerous industries Experience physical harm and harassment based on skin color Undocumented immigrants receive low wages and work longer hours with no overtime OSHA and EEOC assist in combating exploitation Latinos and Blacks at Work Preference for immigrants over native born workers may disadvantage Blacks Experiences of Black Hispanics differ from that of non Black Hispanics Latinas at work Nearly 60 work outside their homes Earn lower wages Targeted by racialized sexual harassment Racial Profiling and Police Misconduct Involves dishonest officers and informants planting real and fake materials ex Drugs guns and often includes assaulting innocent people Caused by poor management procedures and lack of supervision Facilitated by the immigrants being vulnerable Sentencing disparities are based on Hispanic country of origin and immigrant status Latinos as Customers Hispanic buying power has increased from 504 billion in 2000 to 1 3 trillion in 2014 Hispanic customers Are strongly enthusiastic about shopping Prefer paying cash Are highly influenced by advertising and marketing Consumer racial profiling causes business losses and negative publicity Recommendations for Individuals with interesting limitations These recommendations often present one side of the combined story Obtain as much education as possible Carefully investigate prospective employers for evidence of support or for bias against Latinos Latinos must consider working for organizations with unions Make efforts to ensure fluency in English Bilingual personnel must actively pursue positions in which bilingualism is valued and compensated Recommendations for Organizations Ensue zero tolerance for discrimination and harassment Take proactive measures to increase representation of Latinos in the workforce Consider providing English as a Second Language classes for non English speaking personnel Provide minimum wages appropriate payments for overtime social security contributions and safe working conditions Avoid making job related assumptions based on ethnicity