Dr van Widenfelt PSYC 307 100 Fall 2015 Role of parent Caretaker Promoting and supporting child s needs and development Physical Social Relational Emotional Emotion regulation Cognitive intellectual Spiritual psychological moral Self esteem self concept self control How can a parent facilitate and support some of the important developmental tasks of children Aspects of parenting that are important in regard to raising a Parental beliefs expectations and child standards Parental knowledge and understanding Parental skills and strategies including communication style Parental attachment emotional availability Baumrind Baumrind 1967 1971 studied 100 preschool children all from California almost all middle class European Americans The cohort and cultural limitations of this sample were not obvious at the time Baumrind found that parents differed on four important dimensions Dimensions of caregiving style Dimensions of Caregiving styles Expressions of warmth Strategies for discipline Communication Expectations for maturity Expressions of warmth How affectionate How critical How warm or cold when interact Communication How do parents talk to their young children Some parents listen patiently to their children others demand silence Expectations for maturity Parents vary in the standards they set for their children regarding responsibility and self control Strategies for discipline Parents vary in whether and how they explain criticize persuade ignore and punish Baumrind s Styles of Caregiving Authoritarian parenting Permissive parenting Authoritative parenting Uninvolved Baumrind s Styles of Caregiving Authoritarian parenting high behavioral standards expectations strict punishment of misconduct little communication often low in warmth children are expected to be obedient and follow rules established by the parents Do as you are told Because I said so Baumrind s Styles of Caregiving Permissive parenting high nurturance and warmth high communication high in acceptance and not necessarily high in expectations little discipline guidance or control often ends sentence okay when making a request Baumrind s Styles of Caregiving Authoritative parenting parents set limits Make expectations clear enforces rules Tries to help child make good choices flexible and listen to their children caring warm and empathic Styles of Caregiving A fourth style is sometimes mistaken for the permissive style but is actually quite different Neglectful uninvolved parenting Parents are indifferent toward their children Lack empathy unaware of what is going on in their children s lives Sternberg Baumrind s Parenting Styles Effects Potential Long Term Effects of Parenting Children of authoritarian parents tend Style to Become conscientious obedient and quiet but not especially happy Feel guilty or depressed and blame themselves when things do not go well Rebel more often as adolescents Potential Long Term Effects of Parenting Children of permissive parents tend to Style Be unhappy and lack self control especially in peer relationships Suffer from inadequate emotional regulation Be immature and lack friendships main reason for their unhappiness Sometimes continue to live at home more longer dependent in early adulthood Potential Long Term Effects of Parenting Children of authoritative parents tend Style to Be successful articulate happy with themselves and generous with others Be well liked by teachers and peers especially in societies in which individual initiative is valued Critique of Baumrind categorizations Original sample had little economic ethnic or cultural diversity More focus was on attitudes than on daily interactions No recognition that some authoritarian parents are very loving toward their children No recognition that some permissive parents guide their children intensely but with words not rules Child s contribution to the parent child relationship overlooked Cultural Variations Parental influence Three way interaction influences outcome of any parenting style Child s temperament and development Parent s qualities personality marital relationship mental health Social and cultural context Given a multicultural and multicontextual perspective more hesitate to recommend any particular parenting style Expectations parents have What is the role of parental expectations of children How can knowledge of development help parents Expectations Discipline Look back to last weeks What are characteristics of young children that may be important for parents to understand when parenting Inappropriate Expectations Example Abusive parent abusive parents tend to inaccurately perceive the skills and abilities of their children Effects Low regard for self concept esteem worth Feelings of failure Cannot please others Angry and anxious attachments Discipline Methods for young children Time out and talking Time out For some children and in some cultures sitting alone is an effective form of punishment for others it produces an angry child Technique child is separated from activities or toys or people for a specificed time Induction talk to child in attempt to understand misbehavior Technique Parents talk to help the children understand why their behavior was wrong Parents listen as children articulate their emotions and encourage children to explore alternative behavior Conversation helps children internalize standards but induction takes time and patience How to do a time out http www youtube com watch v VFZInf15 QM Instructions 3 minutes Dr Ari Brown Discipline with Dignity Establish Clear Family Rules Choices and Consequences Verbal and Physical Redirection Praise for Being and Doing Privileges as Rewards Objects as Rewards How to Discipline https www youtube com watch v B3iMORZK49U Discipline at different ages 3 minutes Dr Ari Brown https www youtube com watch v Hd2o2BoNNss 3 minutes Dr Ari Brown Why Do Parents Hit their Children Why Do Parents Hit their Children explanations parents give to teach them right from wrong as a form of punishment based on religious writings and teachings Out of an act of love for their well being because it s a cultural or family practice it is what I know For their own good to prepare them for the real world Discipline Physical punishment Some researchers believe that physical punishment is harmless some do not Physical punishment increases obedience temporarily but increases the possibility of later bullying delinquency and abusive behavior Physical punishment correlates with delayed