Developmental PsychologyThis weekPsychosocial Development ages 3-6Early childhood education and day careChild Care Outside the HomePowerPoint PresentationCare by othersChild policiesEarly Childhood Care and EducationWhat is important in the early childhood environment?The Work of PlayTypes of playTypes of play, con’tPretend PlaySlide 15Types of Non-maternal CareWhat are the important qualities of care?Slide 18Variety of research outcomes on Effects of Day CareEffects of Day CareEarly childhood educationEarly Childhood EducationChild-centered programsSlide 24Intervention programs: Head StartSlide 26Long-Term Program Effectiveness for another programLong-Term Program EffectivenessSesame Street: A Teacher in Every Home?Slide 30Controlling TV ExposureDoes Reading to Children Matter?Have a great afternoon!Dr. van WidenfeltPSYC 307-100Fall 2015This weekToday – finish up on new material for Early Childhood – primarily about the educational environmentWednesday – review this entire phaseFriday – take test on this phasePsychosocial Development ages 3-6•ERIKSON -Initiative-versus-guilt stage: •According to Erikson•in this period children experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action•In this stage, children are eager to do things but feel guilt when they do not succeed.•As children try to resolve these challenges, they develop ideas about themselves that can last for the rest of their lives.•Forming Ideas about self = development of self concept; trying to form an identity•Parents, teachers and caretakers can provide opportunities and give guidance to support and encourage developing preschool initiative.Early childhood education and day careChild Care Outside the HomeAlmost 3/4s of US children are enrolled in some program that implicitly and explicitly teach skills that enhance development.Among the major programs •Child care centersFamily child care centersPreschoolsReggio Emilia approachSchool child careHead start and similar programsPreschool EducationPreschool EducationCare by othersProportion of infants and preschoolers in nonrelative care varies markedly from nation to nation.Involvement of relatives other than mothers varies.Worldwide, fathers are increasingly involved in infant and early childhood care but this varies by culture.Paid leave for mother and fathers (and grandmothers!) varies by nations.In the U.S., paid leave varies by states and employers.Child policiesABOUT A YEAR OFF IN SOME COUNTRIES•Sweden: 16 months, close to full pay, shared (e.g., both parents can take 8months) but at least 2 months is reserved for the father.•Bulgaria: 52 weeks, full pay; shared by mother, father, and grandmother.•Canada: 50 weeks of shared leave (either parent), at about three-fourths pay.•Denmark: 52 weeks, shared, full pay; at least 2 weeks is reserved for thefather and at least 18 weeks for the mother.VARIES ONE DAY TO SEVERAL MONTHS IN MOST COUNTRIES•Australia: 18 weeks for the father and 18 weeks for the mother at minimal Wage.•Kenya: 2 weeks for the father and 2 months for the mother at full pay.•Brazil: 5 days for the father and 120 days for the mother at full pay.•Indonesia: 2 days for the father and 3 months for the mother at full pay.•Lebanon: 1 day for the father and 7 weeks for the mother at full pay.Early Childhood Care and EducationHomes, day care and early childhood schools•- Quality matters.•If the home educational environment is poor, a good preschool program aids health, cognition, and social skills.•If a family provides extensive learning opportunities and encouragement, the quality of the preschool is less crucial.What is important in the early childhood environment?The Work of PlayPlay helps preschoolers develop in important ways.The American Academy of Pediatrics statement on playplay is essential for the cognitive, physical, social, and emotional wellbeing The U.N. High Commission for Human Rights statement on playplay is a basic right of every child.Types of playFunctional play: Play that involves simple, repetitive activities typical of 3-year-oldsConstructive play: Play in which children manipulate objects to produce or build somethingParallel play: Action in which children play with similar toys, in a similar manner, but do not interact with each otherTypes of play, con’tOnlooker play: Action in which children simply watch others at play but do not actually participate themselvesAssociative play: Play in which two or more children interact by sharing or borrowing toys or materials, although they do not do the same thingCooperative play: Play in which children genuinely interact with one another, taking turns, playing games, or devising contestsPretend PlayPretend play becomes increasingly unrealistic and imaginative; cultures affects style of play.Vygotsky: Pretend play is important means for expanding cognitive skills.Preschoolers enrolled in child-care centers:Show intellectual development that at least matches that of children at home, and often is betterShow similar advantages for social developmentShow long term benefits that include increased graduation rates, higher earning, savings in reduced juvenile crime, and reductions in child welfare costs.ConclusionHigh quality care provides intellectual and social benefits, while low-quality care not only is unlikely to furnish benefits, but poor programs actually may harm children.Consequences of enrollment in outside-the-home child careConsequences of enrollment in outside-the-home child careTypes of Non-maternal CareFamily day careChild care that includes several children of various ages and usually occurs in the home of a woman who is paid to provide it. (Or goes to stay with grandmother). (Or someone comes into their home to care for them.)Center day careChild care that occurs in a place especially designed for the purpose, where several paid adults care for many children.Usually the children are grouped by age, the day-care center is licensed, and providers are trained and certified in child development.What are the important qualities of care?In home or in daycare settingsTable High-Quality Day CareFROM Berger: The Developing Person Through Childhood and Adolescence, Ninth EditionVariety of research outcomes on Effects of Day CareIn England, one study found that infants who were not exclusively in