Developmental PsychologyAgenda for unit on AdolescenceBrain maturationThe BrainPowerPoint PresentationAdolescencePuberty BeginsAge of PubertyTimingRate of developmentPuberty Begins: Hormonesbody fatAdditional factorsThe Transformations of PubertySlide 15Slide 16Body Growth and ChangeSlide 18Sexual maturationBoysGirlsPuberty Begins earlier for girls than boysEstrogen role in growthSlide 24Psychosocial consequences for early maturingToo Early, Too LateSlide 27Dr. van WidenfeltPSYC 307-100Fall, 2015Agenda for unit on AdolescenceCovers chapters 14-16Puberty, Physical changesBrain DevelopmentCognitive Development - Piaget, Formal Op.Identity DevelopmentSocial-emotional DevelopmentEating disorders, depression, substance abuse, behavior problemsBrain maturationThe BrainAdolescents’ brains undergo significant changesThe corpus callosum thickens further, information processing facilitated by improved connection of the brain’s left and right hemispheresThe limibic system and amygdala (Emotions)– matures furtherThe prefrontal cortex –(make judgements,planning, emotional control) doesn’t finish maturing until the emerging adult years, approximately 18 to 25 years of age.Instinctual and emotional areas develop before the reflective ones doA major research area examining which comes first; biological changes or experiences that stimulate these changes and the interactionhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6zVS8HIPUngSara Jayne Blakemore, TED14 minutes (2012)AdolescenceChanges that occur are DRAMATICRate of growth second to fetal developmentMost significant change is onset of pubertyPuberty BeginsAge of PubertyAge 11 or 12 considered normal in those as young as age 8 or as old as age 14.‘Precocious puberty’ (= sexual development before age 8) occurs rarely (about 1 in 5,000 children) for unknown reasons.TimingMost of variation in age of onset is geneticEach generation has experienced puberty a few weeks earlier, and has grown a centimeter or so taller, than did the preceding one.Rate of developmentboys onset of puberty 18-24 months after girls and is slower/ takes longerFor boys can last till 19 or soPuberty Begins: HormonesLeptinA hormone that stimulates appetite is believed to be involved in the onset of puberty. Increases during childhood and peak at around age 12.body fatinfluences onset of pubertyBody fat.Girls gain about 20 kilos, boys 30 kilosMost girls must weigh at least 100 pounds before experiencing first period. Note, Children who have a relatively large proportion of body fat experience puberty soonerMalnutrition can play a role in a delay of onset of pubertyAdditional factorsStresshastens hormonal onset of pubertyThe Transformations of PubertyThe Transformations of PubertyThe Transformations of PubertyBody Growth and ChangePatterns of Growth GIRLSPubertySexual MaturationFemale pubertal characteristics develop:Breast enlarge and then pubic hair appears.Hair appears in the armpits.A growth in height and hips become wider than her shoulders.First menstruation (menarche) occursOccurs between the ages of 9 and 15.Body Growth and ChangePatterns of Growth BOYSPubertySexual MaturationMale pubertal characteristics develop:Increase in penis and testicle sizeAppearance of straight pubic hairMinor voice changeFirst ejaculationAppearance of pubic hairOnset of maximum body growthGrowth of hair in armpitsMore detectable voice changesGrowth of facial hairSexual maturationPrimary sex characteristicsParts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction, including the vagina, uterus, ovaries, testicles, and penis.Secondary sex characteristicsPhysical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but indicate sexual maturity,man's beard woman's breasts.BoysOutsiders can’t see initial changesPenis size, testiclesSee only when see outward signsvoice changes, hair growth, acneGetting taller (occurs much later than initial changes)Very different for girlsGirlsFirst see weight gainSee changes in form hips, thighs, breast budding and developmentGet taller: Early on see growth spurt usually age 12 in girls(later for Boys usually age 14)Puberty Begins earlier for girls than boysMenarche•Much later stage in puberty maturation•Girl's first menstrual period, signaling that she has begun ovulation. •Pregnancy is biologically possible, •but ovulation and menstruation are often irregular for years after menarche.Estrogen role in growth•After that, not much more physical growth for girls•(unlike boys) •-due to estrogen closes the bone growth •-Boys have less estrogen and bones keep growingBoysSpermarche•Boy's first ejaculation of sperm. •Erections can occur as early as infancy, but ejaculation signals sperm production.Psychosocial consequences for early maturing–For Girls–-poorer body image than later-maturing girls.–-Lower self-esteemAre at increased risk: Sometimes have older boyfriends and enter into abusive relationships more often than other girls.Too Early, Too LateFor Boys-How they mature is important socially for them, if slower, tend to feel anxious and depressed about it-Early-maturing boys are more at riskFor being aggressive, participating in law-breaking, and alcohol-abuse than are later-maturing boys.Both boys and girls put at risk for body image issues due to media