Developmental PsychologyParentingRole of parentPowerPoint PresentationAspects of parenting that are important in regard to raising a childBaumrindDimensions of caregiving styleDimensions of Caregiving styles:Slide 9Baumrind’s Styles of CaregivingSlide 11Slide 12Slide 13Styles of CaregivingBaumrind’s Parenting Styles EffectsPotential Long-Term Effects of Parenting StyleSlide 17Slide 18Critique of Baumrind categorizationsCultural VariationsExpectations parents haveHow can knowledge of development help parentsInappropriate ExpectationsDisciplineTime out and talkingHow to do a time outDiscipline with DignityHow to DisciplineWhy Do Parents Hit their Children?Why Do Parents Hit their Children – explanations parents give:Slide 31Other Forms of DisciplineNo Simple AnswerDiscipline focusCommunication and warmth: important aspect of parentingAspects of Parent child communicationEffect on social emotional developmentTED TALKSTED talk: Erika BrodnockTED talk Conscious ParentingMindfulness and parentingTiger momTED: old school parentingDr. van WidenfeltPSYC 307-100Fall 2015Role of parentCaretaker Promoting and supporting child’s needs and developmentPhysicalSocial, RelationalEmotional, Emotion regulationCognitive, intellectualSpiritual, psychological, moralSelf-esteem, self-concept, self-controlHow can a parent facilitate and support some of the important developmental tasks of children??Aspects of parenting that are important in regard to raising a child Parental beliefs, expectations and standardsParental knowledge and understandingParental skills and strategies (including communication style)Parental attachment, emotional availabilityBaumrind•Baumrind (1967, 1971) studied 100 preschool children, all from California, almost all middle-class European Americans. •(The cohort and cultural limitations of this sample were not obvious at the time.)• Baumrind found that parents differed on four important dimensionsDimensions of caregiving styleDimensions of Caregiving styles:Expressions of warmthStrategies for disciplineCommunicationExpectations for maturityExpressions of warmth How affectionateHow criticalHow warm or cold when interactCommunication: How do parents talk to their young children?Some parents listen patiently to their children; others demand silence.Expectations for maturity: Parents vary in the standards they set for their children regarding responsibility and self-control.Strategies for discipline: Parents vary in whether and how they explain, criticize, persuade, ignore, and punish.Baumrind’s Styles of CaregivingAuthoritarian parentingPermissive parentingAuthoritative parentingUninvolvedBaumrind’s Styles of CaregivingAuthoritarian parenting: high behavioral standards, expectationsstrict punishment of misconductlittle communicationoften low in warmthchildren are expected to be obedient and follow rules established by the parents“Do as you are told”“Because I said so”Baumrind’s Styles of CaregivingPermissive parenting: high nurturance and warmth high communication high in acceptance, and not necessarily high in expectationslittle discipline, guidance, or controloften ends sentence “okay?” when making a requestBaumrind’s Styles of CaregivingAuthoritative parenting: parents set limits Make expectations clearenforces rules Tries to help child make good choices flexible and listen to their childrencaring, warm and empathicStyles of CaregivingA fourth style is sometimes mistaken for the permissive style but is actually quite different.Neglectful/uninvolved parenting: Parents are indifferent toward their children Lack empathyunaware of what is going on in their children's lives (Sternberg).Baumrind’s Parenting Styles EffectsPotential Long-Term Effects of Parenting StyleChildren of authoritarian parents tend to:Become conscientious, obedient, and quiet but not especially happyFeel guilty or depressed and blame themselves when things do not go wellRebel more often as adolescentsPotential Long-Term Effects of Parenting StyleChildren of permissive parents tend to:Be unhappy and lack self-control, especially in peer relationshipsSuffer from inadequate emotional regulationBe immature and lack friendships (main reason for their unhappiness)Sometimes continue to live at home, more/longer dependent, in early adulthoodPotential Long-Term Effects of Parenting StyleChildren of authoritative parents tend to:Be successful, articulate, happy with themselves, and generous with othersBe well-liked by teachers and peers, especially in societies in which individual initiative is valuedCritique of Baumrind categorizations•Original sample had little economic, ethnic, or cultural diversity.•More focus was on attitudes than on daily interactions. •No recognition that some authoritarian parents are very loving toward their children.•No recognition that some permissive parents guide their children intensely, but with words, not rules.•Child's contribution to the parent-child relationship overlooked.Cultural VariationsParental influenceThree-way interaction influences outcome of any parenting styleChild's temperament and developmentParent's qualities: personality, marital relationship, mental healthSocial and cultural contextGiven a multicultural and multicontextual perspective, more hesitate to recommend any particular parenting style.Expectations parents haveWhat is the role of parental expectations of children?How can knowledge of development help parents Expectations?Discipline?Look back to last weeks: What are characteristics of young children that may be important for parents to understand when parenting?Example: Abusive parent-abusive parents tend to inaccurately perceive the skills and abilities of their children. Effects:Low regard for self (concept, esteem, worth)Feelings of failureCannot please othersAngry and anxious attachments Inappropriate ExpectationsDisciplineMethods for young children?Time out and talkingTime out-For some children and in some cultures, sitting alone is an effective form of punishment; for others, it produces an angry child.•Technique: child is separated from activities or toys or people for a specificed time.Inductiontalk to child in attempt to understand misbehavior•Technique:•Parents talk to help the