Dr van Widenfelt PSYC 307 100 Nov 18 2015 Agenda for unit on Adolescence Covers chapters 14 16 Puberty Physical changes Brain Development Cognitive Development Piaget Formal Op Identity Development Social emotional Development Eating disorders depression substance abuse behavior problems Physical development con t Hormones Are powerful chemical substances Secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through the body by the bloodstream Secretion of key hormones is controlled by the interaction of the hypothalamus the pituitary gland and the gonads sex glands ovaries testicles Hormones Two classes of hormones that have significantly different concentrations in males females Androgens are the main class of males sex hormones Estrogens are the main class of female hormones Hormones Testosterone is an androgen that is key in the development of puberty in boys External genitals enlarge Height increases Voice changes Secreted in far greater amounts by males than by females Estradiol is an estrogen that plays an important role in female pubertal development Breast uterine development takes place Skeletal changes occur Females produce more estradiol than males do Hormones Hormones important during puberty They are not new are same hormones that were there in the fetus Influences growth throughout life course What is different is the amount and effect See high levels during puberty that are normal to trigger changes in puberty but then go down again If stayed high then see disorders disease but in adolescence creates maturation Brain Development Receptors in hypothalamus Were there since birth Set at high set point during childhood so don t get activated During puberty set point gets lowered so now 5 x as sensitive Sets off puberty gets activated sends hormonal signal continued there is then activation releasing hormones Pituitary gland gets activated releases hormones Ovaries get stimulated to put out estrogen into blood Estrogen level rises till high enough Estrogen receptors in breasts males and females Estrogen receptors in vagina Pituitary gland Gland in the brain that responds to a signal from the hypothalamus by producing hormones that regulate growth and control other glands Ie adrenal and sex glands Biological Sequence of Puberty Puberty begins with a hormonal signal from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland The pituitary in turn signals the adrenal glands and the ovaries or testes to produce more of their hormones Adrenal glands Two glands located above the kidneys that produce hormones including the stress hormones epinephrine adrenaline and norepinephrine Sleep in adolescence Adolescents biological clocks undergo a hormonal phase shift as they get older Melatonin a hormone that prepares the body for sleep is secreted an hour later in older adolescents than in younger adolescents early school starting times can result in grogginess and lack of attention in class and poor performance on tests Sleep in adolescence Adolescents sleep an average of 9 hours and 25 minutes when given the opportunity to sleep as long as they like Most adolescents get considerably less sleep which creates sleep debt Older adolescents are often more sleepy during the day than are younger adolescents Dreaming and Learning This graph shows of U S students who once a week or more fall asleep in class or are too tired to exercise Not shown are those who are too tired overall 59 percent for high school students or who doze in class almost every day 8 percent What percentage of teens are having sexual intercourse Sexual Maturation Sexual Maturation Problems associated with are less problematic than in earlier decades Decreased teen births in every nation Rise in use of protection Decrease in teen abortion rate Film clip Brazil Sexually active teens Worldwide sexually active teenagers have higher rates of most common STIs Related to Early age of first intercourse Failure to use condoms Brain development TED talks https www youtube com watch v 6zVS8HIPUng Sara Jayne Blakemore TED 14 minutes 2012 https www youtube com watch v LWUkW4s3XxY Adriana Galvan Insight into the teenage brain speaking to youth TED 10 minutes 2013 https www youtube com watch v PzT SBl31 s Dr Jill Bolte Taylor 16 min 2013 https www youtube com watch v 0OkOQhXhsIE Kate Simonds I m Seventeen 14 min 2015