LS1 Winter 2015 (Kane) – Midterm 1 Review SheetThis is a general study guide, not an inclusive list. The midterm covers all material from weeks 1-3. Anything fromlecture, lab, the textbook, and Launchpad assignments is fair game. The midterm will be 70 multiple-choice questions and is worth a total of 140 points. In the textbook, the Quick Check questions at the end of each section and the Self-Assessment questions at the end of the chapters are helpful for checking your ability to integrate and apply the information in the chapter to appropriate situations. On LaunchPad, the “Learning Curve” questions for each chapter are a helpful resource for practice with multiple-choice questions on the material and to identify areas where you lack understanding on a topic.This HHMI video, The Origin of Species: Lizards in an Evolutionary Tree, is an excellent review of many of the concepts we have covered. I highly recommend viewing it!http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/origin-species-lizards-evolutionary-treeChapter 1 – Life: Chemical, Cellular, and Evolutionary FoundationsFigures: 1.2, 1.3, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 1.17- What is involved in the scientific method?- How are hypotheses accepted or rejected?- What is a theory and how do theories develop?- What are the laws of thermodynamics and how are they important to biology?- How does natural selection lead to evolution?- What contributes to variation in a population? Which of these are heritable? - How does artificial selection result in evolution? - What is the tree of life and how is important for the study of biology?- What role does ecology play in evolution?- How are humans affecting evolution and ecology on the earth?Chapter 21 – Evolution: How Genotypes and Phenotypes Change over TimeFigures: 21.2, 21.4, 21.5, 21.8, 21.9, 21.10, 21.11, 21.12, 21.13, 21.14- What are the sources of new genetic material in a population? - What role can this new genetic material play in the population?- What is adaptation and how does it relate to evolution?- How do we measure genetic variation and changes in genetic variation in a population over time?- What is Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) Equilibrium and how is it used to understand evolution in populations? - What are the required conditions for H-W equilibrium? How would each condition affect the population? How is allele and genotype frequency calculated using H-W equations, and what can this information tell us?- How did our understanding of Natural Selection develop? - Explain the requirements for natural selection and how natural selection is a mechanism of evolution. - In what ways can natural selection affect change in a population? - What is the role of mutations in the process of natural selection?- How is sickle cell anemia an example of heterozygote advantage? - What is artificial selection and how is it similar and different from natural selection? - How is sexual selection related to natural selection?- What are the evolutionary tradeoffs in sexual selection? 1- Why does genetic drift affect smaller populations more than large populations? - Genetic drift is considered a “non-adaptive” mechanism of evolution. What does this mean?- What is the role of genetic drift in bottlenecks and founder events?- How can migration affect a population? - What is a molecular clock and why is it useful for our understanding of evolution?Chapter 22 – Species and SpeciationFigures: 22.1, 22.2, 22.3, 22.4, 22.6, 22.7, 22.8, 22.9, 22.10, 22.11, 22.12, 22.13, 22.15- What are the definitions of a species and why is a species so difficult to define? - We mainly use the BSC, but what are the complications in using this definition?- How is the morphospecies concept used and what are the difficulties related to using it?- What role does reproductive isolation play in maintaining species?- What are examples of pre-zygotic mechanisms of reproductive isolation?- What are examples of post-zygotic mechanisms of reproductive isolation?- How do species diverge and form new species? What are the different processes of speciation (both allopatric and sympatric)?- What would you expect the relationships between species to be following a vicariance event?- What is an ecological niche?- What is adaptive radiation and what is the role of natural selection in adaptive radiation?- How are parasites and host systems an example of co-evolution? (including malaria – see Case 4)- How can instantaneous speciation occur?- What is reinforcement and how does it affect speciation?Chapter 23 – Evolutionary Patterns: Phylogeny and FossilsFigures: 23.1, 23.2, 23.3, 23.4, 23.5, 23.6, 23.7, 23.8, 23.9, 23.12, 23.16, 23.17, 23.19, 23.20, 23.21, 23.22- What information can be learned from phylogenies?- What is a node? Sister group? Monophyletic group? Paraphyletic group? Polyphyletic group?- What is a character and a character state?- What are homologous and analogous traits?- How are homologies and analogies represented on a tree?- What is a synapomorphy and how is this related to homologous traits?- How are phylogenies determined and how is parsimony a component of these determinations?- How are fossils used in determining evolutionary relationships?- How do fossils form? What biases exist in the fossil record?- How is fossil age determined (both relative and radiometric)?- How do transitional forms found in the fossil record contribute to our understanding of evolution?- How have past mass extinctions affected evolution (especially the post-Permian and Cretaceous)? Chapter 25 – Cycling CarbonFigures: 25.1, 25.2, 25.3, 25.5, 25.6, 25.9, 25.10, 25.13, 25.14, 25.16- What is the significance of the carbon cycle to all life on earth?- Explain the short-term carbon cycle – photosynthesis and respiration.- How do photosynthesis and respiration affect atmospheric CO2 concentrations?2- How do we determine recent and historical atmospheric CO2 concentrations, and what is the relationship between these concentrations and temperature?- What are the major sources and sinks of CO2? - How does carbon cycle through the earth? What are the major reservoirs and fluxes of carbon?- Why are shell-building animals and corals considered a sink of carbon?- What are the geological processes involved in the cycling of carbon?- What roles do humans play in the carbon cycle? - How does carbon cycle through a community? - How much energy moves on to the next tropic level? How does this affect biomass of the next level? - What changes occurred in oxygen